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Microbiology > Controls > Flashcards

Controls Flashcards

1
Q

what are three types of environmental things we can manipulate to control the spread of zoonotic diseases?

A

reservoirs, vectors, and infected animals

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2
Q

What can we do to a reservoir?

A

we can drain swampy areas

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3
Q

what are two examples of something that could be found in a reservoir?

A

giardia, flukes

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4
Q

what can we do to vectors?

A

eliminate or reduce exposeure to vectors

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5
Q

What can we do to infected animals?

A

isolate, quartantine, prevent roaming, mating, interaction

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6
Q

define sterilization?

A

kills all organisms including spores and viruses

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7
Q

define disinfection

A

desighned to kill a handful or organisms, kills vegitative organisms, does not kill spores

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8
Q

does disinfection kill spores?

A

no

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9
Q

define pasteurization (4)

A

simular to disinfection, uses heat to bring bacterial counts down, and kills most pathogens, extends shelf life

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10
Q

define bacteriostatic

A

prevents growth

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11
Q

what are three examples of bacteriostatics?

A

benzoates, sorbates and some antibiotics

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12
Q

define antiseptic

A

chemical for destroying harmful microbes from living in tissue

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13
Q

what is an example of an antispetic/

A

listerine

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14
Q

define sanitation

A

lowers microbe count to safe public health levels

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15
Q

what is sanitation often used for/

A

dishware, utensils

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16
Q

what is Ionizing radiation?

A

high E lights such as gamma rays and x rays

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17
Q

what does ionizing radiation do?

A

they knock off the electrons off of atoms and rearrange them.

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18
Q

why is ionizing radiation ideal?

A

very effective, high penetration, don’t have to heat, cheaper

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19
Q

what is non-ionizing radiation?

A

normally means UV light

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20
Q

what is a positive aspect of non-ionizing radiation?

A

good for surfaces like water

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21
Q

what are two negative aspects of non-ionizing radiation?

A

does not penetrate well, causes DNA damage

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22
Q

what is filteration useful for?

A

liquids and gasses

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23
Q

how small can membrane filteration get?

A

small enough (pore size) that it will trap viruses

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24
Q

what is a downside to membrane filteration?

A

clogs easily

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25
Q

what type of filteration is used for air in clean rooms, hospitals, labs, etc?

A

HEPA

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26
Q

what are 7 types of chemical controls? (CHAPIQO)

A

Alcohol, Heavy metals, Phenolics, Iodine, Chlorine, quarternaries, oxidizing agents

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27
Q

What is alcohol?

A

a disinfectant

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28
Q

what does alcohol do?

A

dehydrates protiens and dissolves lipids, it is mildly effective and mostly just washes organisms away

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29
Q

Why is alcohol used?

A

cheap and low toxicity

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30
Q

what percent solution is alcohol normally used in and why?

A

50-80%, the water helps prevent the evaporation and assists in penetration to tissues

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31
Q

what are three heavy metals?

A

Hg, Ag, Cu

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32
Q

what do heavy metals do?

A

bind protiens together and disrupt the cellular metabolism

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33
Q

how toxic are heavy metals?

A

highly

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34
Q

how toxic are alcohols?

A

low

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35
Q

how effective are heavy metals?

A

mild

36
Q

where are heavy metals used mostly?

A

waste disposal

37
Q

What is AgNO3 and what was it used for?

A

silver nitrate, used as an anticeptic and disinfectant in new born eyes to prevent neisserria and gonorrhea

38
Q

what was the first disinfectant used?

A

phenols

39
Q

what is the standard disinfectant that sets standards for other disinfectanct?

A

phenols

40
Q

what reduces the activity of phenols?

A

organic matter

41
Q

what are 3 downsides to phenols?

A

expensive, odor, caustic to skin

42
Q

what are three types of phenols?

A

cresols, hexylresorcinol, bisphenols

43
Q

what are cresols?

A

used in wood preservers, they have greater germicidal activity and lower toxicity

44
Q

what do hexylesorcinols do??

A

reduces surface tension, loosens bacteria from tissue and allows greater penetration

45
Q

what are 3 types examples of hexylesorcinols?

A

mouthwash, topical antiseptics, throat lozenges (sucretes)

46
Q

what are bisphenols?

A

combination of two phenol molecules

47
Q

what is orthophylphenol?

A

lysol

48
Q

what is hexachlorophene?

A

dial soap

49
Q

what are two types of bisphenols?

A

chlorhexidine and triclosan

50
Q

what is chlorhexadine?

A

bisphenol that is a surgical scrub, hand was, and skin wound cleanser. it has anti-plaque and ginivitis properties though bacteria may grow in it

51
Q

what is triclosan?

A

broad spectrum, blocks the synthesis of lipids

52
Q

how toxic is triclosan?

A

not toxic, fairly mild

53
Q

what is triclosan effective against?

A

pathogenic bacteria, partially against fungi and viruses

54
Q

why is iodine so usful?

A

low toxicity, effective, can be used in drinking water, can stain

55
Q

what is the tincture of Iodine?

A

iodine and alchohol used for drinking water and antiseptics for wounds

56
Q

what are iodophors?

A

iodine detergent complexes

57
Q

what does the detergent do?

A

loosens organisms from surface so iodine can kill them

58
Q

what are three examples of iodophores?

A

Ioprep (presurgical scrub), iosan (dairy sanitation), Betadine (local Wounds)

59
Q

what do iodophores combined with non detergent carriers make?

A

povidine, which stabilizes iodine and releases it slowly

60
Q

what can grow in iodine?

A

pseudomonas

61
Q

What forms does chlorine come in?

A

gas and liquid

62
Q

what chemical is corrosive to metals?

A

chlorine

63
Q

what is the inorganic form of chlorine?

A

sodium hypochlorite NaOCl

64
Q

what is Sodium Hypochlorite used for?

A

used as a bleaching agent for textiles and can be diluted for use in drinking water, swimming pools, and factory equipment

65
Q

what is the organic form of chlorine?

A

chlorine T.

66
Q

what does the organic form of chlorine do?

A

chlorine T. releases chloring slowly and is more stable than organic

67
Q

what is organic chlorine used for?

A

general wound antisepsis and root canal therapy

68
Q

what is chlorine effective against?

A

broad spectrum incliding some viruses, fungi, and protozoal

69
Q

what is chlorine not effective against?

A

spores

70
Q

What are quaternaries?

A

ammonium chloride

71
Q

what are quaternaries usful for?

A

good for food processing plants and hospitals

72
Q

what chemical is less corrosive than chlorine?

A

quarternaries

73
Q

how toxic are quarternaries?

A

low toxicity

74
Q

what do quarternaries effect?

A

broad spectrum, bacteriostatic G(+)

75
Q

what can quarternaries be found in?

A

parvosol, roccal-D, 409

76
Q

what are three types of oxidizing agents?

A

peroxide, ethylne oxide, and glutaraldehyde

77
Q

what is peroxide used in?

A

food processing plants and as a skin disinfectant

78
Q

why does peroxide bubble?

A

helps with mechanical removal of organisms

79
Q

how toxic is peroxide/

A

low

80
Q

what is ethylene oxide?

A

highly explosive gas

81
Q

what is ethylene oxide used in?

A

autoclaves

82
Q

how toxic is ethylene oxide?

A

very toxic

83
Q

why do things need to be aired out if they have been sterilized with wthylene oxide?

A

can cause cold burns

84
Q

what are glutaraldehydes?

A

very toxic carcinogen

85
Q

what are glutaraldehydes used for?

A

sterilization of heat sensitives objects like fiberoptics.

86
Q

what does glutaraldehydees kill?

A

spores

Microbiology (22 decks)

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