According to Marxists, society is divided into the ……… and ………
Describe these
Proletariat - poor
Bourgeoisie - rich
Who are the Bourgeoisie?
Upper class
Define capitalism
Society’s based around money. Profit only goes to a few
Who is Althusser
Marxist
Althusser - education is part of the ………..
Ideological state apparatus
The bourgeoisie use the ……….. and ………… to control the poor
Ideological state apparatus and repressive state apparatus
IRA and ISA
What is the ISA
Ideological state apparatus - changing the way people think
What is the RSA
Change people’s thoughts and feelings
Who are the proletariat
Poor
According to Althusser, the poor are in a ……………
State of false class consciousness
According to Althusser, education prepares students to ……….
Accept a life of exploitation
What curriculums do Althusser talk about
Formal and hidden
Describe the formal curriculum
Teaches students that authority is good and correct
Describe the hidden curriculum
Not directly taught - hierarchy, respect, punctual
Sub-conscious
Who are Bowles and Gintis?
Marxists
What did Bowles and Gintis come up with?
Correspondence Theory
What is the correspondence theory?
The experiences a students experiences at school prepares them for work (a life in the capitalist system)
What does the correspondence theory prevent?
Revolutions and rebellions
Give 4 ways in which school is similar to workplaces
Hierarchy
Motivation
Rewards/sanctions
Passive/docile
Why do schools like submissive personalities?
Workers are obedience so have capitalistic traits
Why is the correspondence theory positive?
The principles are needed to pass on norms and values
What does Reynolds say about the correspondence theory?
Some education encourages critical thinking of education system
What does Willis say about the correspondence theory?
Pupils actively resist authority to develop an anti-school subculture
How is the correspondence theory outdated
Students are now encouraged to complain about parts of school that they don’t like
Who is Willis?
A neo-Marxist
Willis created ……….. ….
Learning to Labour
What does learning to labour mean?
Being prepared to be bored at work
What do WC boys develop according to Willis?
Anti-school subculture
What do Mac an Ghaill think about learning to labour?
Its outdated as more opportunities
- apprentices
- retake GSCEs
What does McRobbie think about learning to labour?
Androcentric study so no girls included
Which 2 people criticises Willis
Mac an Ghaill
McRobbie
Name 11 Marxists (5 main)
Marx Althusser Bourdieu Bernstein Bowles and Gintis
Reynolds Willis Mac an Ghaill Rikowski Giroux
What did Bourdieu create?
Habitus - money buys experience
e.g. museum, theatre
What did Bernstein create?
Elaborated and restricted language code
What is the restricted language code?
WC people, colloquial language and slang
What is the elaborated language code?
MC/UC people - extensive vocab and complex sentences
Used in mark schemes
Why do Postmodernists criticise Marxists?
Education was very different as no longer in post-fordist economy and there are a rage of jobs
Why do Feminists criticise Marxists? (2)
Schools promote patriarchy (Heaton and Lawson) Androcentric studies (McRobbie)
What does Rikowski think?
Education is shaped by the economy and business takes over school (marketisation policies)
How are Marxists too negative?
Education provides:
- Secondary education
- Social solidarity
How are Marxists too deterministic? (2)
Not all WC people fail at school Social class isn't the only factor (gender, ethnicity)
