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Year One Comprehensive Material > DPT 611: Research in Physical Therapy > Flashcards

DPT 611: Research in Physical Therapy Flashcards

1
Q

Mrs. Smith is writing her daily observations of a student and writes, without interpretation, that the student is not completing the class work and is constantly speaking out of turn. Which of the following objectives does she appear to be using?

a. prediction
b. description
c. explanation
d. exploration

A

B

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2
Q

Which of the following is a form of research typically conducted by teachers, counselors, and other professionals to answer questions they have and to specifically help them solve local problems?

a. action research
b. basic research
c. predictive research
d. longitudinal research

A

A

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3
Q

How much confidence should you place in a single research study?

a. you should completely trust a single research study.
b. you should trust research findings after different researchers have found the same findings
c. neither a nor b
d. both a and b

A

C

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4
Q

The development of a solid foundation of reliable knowledge typically is built from which type of research?

a. basic research
b. action research
c. evaluation research
d. longitudinal research

A

A

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5
Q

Which form of reasoning is the process of drawing a specific conclusion from a set of premises?

a. rationalism
b. deductive reasoning
c. inductive reasoning
d. probabilistic

A

B

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6
Q

A researcher designs an experiment to test how variables interact to influence how well children learn spelling words. In this case, the main purpose of the study was:

a. Explanation
b. Description
c. Influence
d. Prediction

A

D

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7
Q

Which scientific method is a top-down or confirmatory approach?

a. Deductive method
b. Inductive method
c. Hypothesis method
d. Pattern method

A

A

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8
Q

Which scientific method is a bottom-up or generative approach to research?

a. Deductive method
b. Inductive method
c. Hypothesis method
d. Pattern method

A

B

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9
Q

Which scientific method focuses on testing hypotheses developed from theories?

a. Deductive method
b. Inductive method
c. Hypothesis method
d. Pattern method

A

A

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10
Q

Which scientific method often focuses on generating new hypotheses and theories?

a. Deductive method
b. Inductive method
c. Hypothesis method
d. Pattern method

A

B

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11
Q

Which of the following statements is true of a theory?

a. it most simply means “explanation”
b. it answers the “how” and “why” questions
c. it can be a well developed explanatory system
d. all of the above are correct

A

D

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12
Q

Approximately what percentage of scores fall within one standard deviation of the mean in a normal distribution?

a. 34%
b. 95%
c. 99%
d. 68%

A

D

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13
Q

The denominator (bottom) of the z-score formula is

a. The standard deviation
b. The difference between a score and the mean
c. The range
d. The mean

A

A

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14
Q

. The standard deviation is:

a. The square root of the variance
b. A measure of variability
c. An approximate indicator of how numbers vary from the mean
d. All of the above

A

D

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15
Q

True or False

Hypothesis testing and estimation are both types of descriptive statistics.

A

False

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16
Q

True or False

A set of data organized in a participants(rows)-by-variables(columns) format is known as a “data set.”

A

True

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17
Q

A graph that uses vertical bars to represent data is called a ____.

a. Line graph
b. Bar graph
c. Scatterplot
d. Vertical graph

A

B

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18
Q

The goal of ___________ is to focus on summarizing and explaining a specific set of data.

a. Inferential statistics
b. Descriptive statistics
c. None of the above
d. All of the above

A

B

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19
Q

The most frequently occurring number in a set of values is called the ____.

a. Mean
b. Median
c. Mode
d. Range

A

C

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20
Q

As a general rule, the _______ is the best measure of central tendency because it is more precise.

a. Mean
b. Median
c. Mode
d. Range

A

A

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21
Q

Focusing on describing or explaining data versus going beyond immediate data and making inferences is the difference between _______.

a. Central tendency and common tendency
b. Mutually exclusive and mutually exhaustive properties
c. Descriptive and inferential
d. Positive skew and negative skew

A

C

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22
Q

Why are variance and standard deviation the most popular measures of variability?

a. They are the most stable and are foundations for more advanced statistical analysis
b. They are the most simple to calculate with large data sets
c. They provide nominally scaled data
d. None of the above

A

A

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23
Q

____________ is the set of procedures used to explain or predict the values of a dependent variable based on the values of one or more independent variables.

a. Regression analysis
b. Regression coefficient
c. Regression equation
d. Regression line

A

A

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24
Q

The ______ is the value you calculate when you want the arithmetic average.

a. Mean
b. Median
c. Mode
d. All of the above

A

A

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25
Q

___________ are used when you want to visually examine the relationship between two quantitative variables.

a. Bar graphs
b. Pie graphs
c. Line graphs
d. Scatterplots

A

D

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26
Q

The _______ is often the preferred measure of central tendency if the data are severely skewed.

a. Mean
b. Median
c. Mode
d. Range

A

B

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27
Q

Which of the following is the formula for range?

a. H + L
b. L x H
c. L - H
d. H – L

A

D

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28
Q

Which is a raw score that has been transformed into standard deviation units?

a. z score
b. SDU score
c. t score
d. e score

A

A

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29
Q

Which of the following is NOT a measure of variability?

a. Median
b. Variance
c. Standard deviation
d. Range

A

A

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30
Q

Which of the following is NOT a common measure of central tendency?

a. Mode
b. Range
c. Median
d. Mean

A

B

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31
Q

Which of the following is interpreted as the percentage of scores in a reference group that falls below a particular raw score?

a. Standard scores
b. Percentile rank
c. Reference group
d. None of the above

A

B

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32
Q

The median is ______.

a. The middle point
b. The highest number
c. The average
d. Affected by extreme scores

A

A

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33
Q

Which measure of central tendency takes into account the magnitude of scores?

a. Mean
b. Median
c. Mode
d. Range

A

A

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34
Q

If a test was generally very easy, except for a few students who had very low scores, then the distribution of scores would be _____.

a. Positively skewed
b. Negatively skewed
c. Not skewed at all
d. Normal

A

B

35
Q

How many dependent variables are used in multiple regression?

a. One
b. One or more
c. Two or more
d. Two

A

A

36
Q

Which of the following represents the fiftieth percentile, or the middle point in a set of numbers arranged in order of magnitude?

a. Mode
b. Median
c. Mean
d. Variance

A

B

37
Q

If a distribution is skewed to the left, then it is __________.

a. Negatively skewed
b. Positively skewed
c. Symmetrically skewed
d. Symmetrical

A

A

38
Q

In a grouped frequency distribution, the intervals should be what?

a. Mutually exclusive
b. Exhaustive
c. Both A and B
d. Neither A nor B

A

C

39
Q

True or False

When a set of numbers is heterogeneous, you can place more trust in the measure of central tendency as representing the typical person or unit

A

False

40
Q

Non-overlapping categories or intervals are known as ______.

a. Inclusive
b. Exhaustive
c. Mutually exclusive
d. Mutually exclusive and exhaustive

A

C

41
Q

To interpret the relationship between two categorical variables, a contingency table should be constructed with either column or row percentages, and —-.

a. If the percentages are calculated down the columns, then comparisons should be made across
the rows
b. If the percentages are calculated across the rows, comparisons should be made down the
columns
c. Both a and b are correct
d. Neither a nor b is correct

A

C

42
Q

Which of the following symbols represents a population parameter?

a. SD
b. (Delta)
c. r
d. 0

A

B

43
Q

If you drew all possible samples from some population, calculated the mean for each of the samples, and constructed a line graph (showing the shape of the distribution) based on all of those means, what would you have?

a. A population distribution
b. A sample distribution
c. A sampling distribution
d. A parameter distribution

A

C

44
Q

What does it mean when you calculate a 95% confidence interval?

a. The process you used will capture the true parameter 95% of the time in the long run
b. You can be “95% confident” that your interval will include the population parameter
c. You can be “5% confident” that your interval will not include the population parameter
d. All of the above statements are true

A

D

45
Q

What would happen (other things equal) to a confidence interval if you calculated a 99 percent confidence interval rather than a 95 percent confidence interval?

a. It will be narrower
b. It will not change
c. The sample size will increase
d. It will become wider

A

D

46
Q

Which of the following statements sounds like a null hypothesis?

a. The coin is not fair
b. There is a correlation in the population
c. There is no difference between male and female incomes in the population
d. The defendant is guilty

A

C

47
Q

The analysis of variance is a statistical test that is used to compare how many group means?

a. Three or more
b. Two or more

A

B

48
Q

What is the standard deviation of a sampling distribution called?

a. Sampling error
b. Sample error
c. Standard error
d. Simple error

A

C

49
Q

True or False

Hypothesis testing and estimation are the two key branches of the field of inferential statistics

A

True

50
Q

A ______ is a subset of a _________.

a. Sample, population
b. Population, sample
c. Statistic, parameter
d. Parameter, statistic

A

A

51
Q

A _______ is a numerical characteristic of a sample and a ______ is a numerical characteristic of a population.

a. Sample, population
b. Population, sample
c. Statistic, parameter
d. Parameter, statistic

A

C

52
Q

A sampling distribution might be based on which of the following?

a. Sample means
b. Sample correlations
c. Sample proportions
d. All of the above

A

D

53
Q

As a general rule, researchers tend to use ____ percent confidence intervals.

a. 99%
b. 95%
c. 50%
d. none of the above

A

B

54
Q

Which of the following is the researcher usually interested in supporting when he or she is engaging in hypothesis testing?

a. The alternative hypothesis
b. The null hypothesis
c. Both the alternative and null hypothesis
d. Neither the alternative or null hypothesis

A

A

55
Q

True or False

When p

A

True

56
Q

True or False

When p>05 is reported in a journal article that you read for an observed relationship, it means that the author has rejected the null hypothesis (assuming that the author is using a significance or alpha level of .05)

A

False

57
Q

_________ are the values that mark the boundaries of the confidence interval.

a. Confidence intervals
b. Confidence limits
c. Levels of confidence
d. Margin of error

A

B

58
Q

_____ results if you fail to reject the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is actually false.

a. a. Type I error
b. b. Type II error
c. c. Type III error
d. d. Type IV error

A

B

59
Q

A good way to get a small standard error is to use a ________.

a. Repeated sampling
b. Small sample
c. Large sample
d. Large population

A

C

60
Q

The car will probably cost about 16,000 dollars; this number sounds more like a(n):

a. Point estimate
b. Interval estimate

A

A

61
Q

Identify which of the following steps would not be included in hypothesis testing.

a. State the null and alternative hypotheses
b. Set the significance level before the research study
c. Eliminate all outliers
d. Obtain the probability value using a computer program such as SPSS
e. Compare the probability value to the significance level and make the statistical decision

A

C

62
Q

A ________ is a range of numbers inferred from the sample that has a certain probability of including the population parameter over the long run.

a. Hypothesis
b. Lower limit
c. Confidence interval
d. Probability limit

A

C

63
Q

________ is the standard deviation of a sampling distribution.

a. Standard error
b. Sample standard deviation
c. Replication error
d. Meta error

A

A

64
Q

True or False

An effect size indicator is a statistical measure of the strength of a relationship

A

True

65
Q

Which of the following can be viewed as an effect size indicator?

a. r-squared
b. r
c. Eta-squared
d. Omega-squared
e. All of the above

A

E

66
Q

When the researcher rejects a true null hypothesis, a ____ error occurs.

a. Type I
b. Type A
c. Type II
d. Type B

A

A

67
Q

A post hoc test is ___.

a. A test to compare two or more means in one overall test
b. A test to determine regression to the mean
c. A follow-up test to the analysis of variance when there are three or more groups
d. A follow-up test to the independent t-test

A

C

68
Q

The use of the laws of probability to make inferences and draw statistical conclusions about populations based on sample data is referred to as ___________.

a. Descriptive statistics
b. Inferential statistics
c. Sample statistics
d. Population statistics

A

B

69
Q

A statistical test used to compare 2 or more group means is known as _____.

a. One-way analysis of variance
b. Post hoc test
c. t-test for correlation coefficients
d. Simple regression

A

A

70
Q

A statistical test used to determine whether a correlation coefficient is statistically significant is called the ___________.

a. One-way analysis of variance
b. t-test for independent samples
c. Chi-square test for contingency tables
d. t-test for correlation coefficients

A

D

71
Q

The cutoff the researcher uses to decide whether to reject the null hypothesis is called the:

a. Significance level
b. Alpha level
c. Probability value
d. Both a and b are correct

A

D

72
Q

Which ____ percent confidence interval will be the widest (i.e., the least precise) for a particular data set that includes exactly 500 cases?

a. 99%
b. 95%
c. 90%
d. None of the above

A

A

73
Q

As sample size goes up, what tends to happen to 95% confidence intervals?

a. They become more precise
b. They become more narrow
c. They become wider
d. Both a and b

A

D

74
Q

__________ is the failure to reject a false null hypothesis.

a. a. Type I error
b. b. Type II error
c. c. Type A error
d. d. Type B error

A

B

75
Q

Which of the following statements is/are true according to the logic of hypothesis testing?

a. When the null hypothesis is true, it should be rejected
b. When the null hypothesis is true, it should not be rejected
c. When the null hypothesis is false, it should be rejected
d. When the null hypothesis is false, it should not be rejected
e. Both b and c are true

A

E

76
Q

What is the key question in the field of statistical estimation?

a. Based on my random sample, what is my estimate of the population parameter?
b. Based on my random sample, what is my estimate of normal distribution?
c. Is the value of my sample statistic unlikely enough for me to reject the null hypothesis?
d. There is no key question in statistical estimation

A

A

77
Q

True or False

Assuming innocence until “proven” guilty, a Type I error occurs when an innocent person is found guilty

A

True

78
Q

This is the difference between a sample statistic and the corresponding population parameter.

a. Standard error
b. Sampling error
c. Difference error
d. None of the above

A

B

79
Q

The “equals” sign (=) is included in which hypothesis when conducting hypothesis testing?

a. Null
b. Alternative
c. It can appear in both the null and the alternative hypothesis

A

A

80
Q

A Type I error is also known as a ______.

a. False positive
b. False negative
c. Double negative
d. Positive negative

A

A

81
Q

A Type II error is also known as a ______.

a. False positive
b. False negative
c. Double negative
d. Positive negative

A

B

82
Q

True or False

If a finding is statistically significant one must also interpret the data, calculate an effect size indicator, and make an assessment of practical significance

A

True

83
Q

True or False

The p-value used in statistical significance testing should be used to assess how strong a relationship is. For example, if relationship A has a p=.04 and relationship B has a p=.03 then you can conclude that relationship B is stronger than relationship A

A

False

84
Q

Describe he relationship of mean, median, and mode in a positive and negatively screwed plot

A

Negative: mean, median, mode

Positive: mode, median, mean

Year One Comprehensive Material (16 decks)

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