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Gross > Intro To Clinical Anatomy > Flashcards

Intro To Clinical Anatomy Flashcards

0
Q

Systemic anatomy

A

Organized by organ systems

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1
Q

Regional anatomy

A

Organization of body into parts

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2
Q

Locomotor system

A

Skeletal, articular, and muscular systems

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3
Q

Integumentary system

A

Skin and it’s appendages such as hair and nails

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4
Q

Skeletal system

A

Bones and cartilage

Support and protection

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5
Q

Muscular system

A

Consists of muscles

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6
Q

Articular system

A

Consists of joints and associated ligaments

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7
Q

Nervous system

A

CNS (brain and spinal cord) and pns (nerves and ganglia)

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8
Q

Circulatory system

A

Cardiovascular system: heart and blood vessels
Lymphoid system: consists of a network of lymphatic vessels that withdraw excess tissue fluid from the body’s interstitial (intercellular) fluid compartment, filters it through lymph nodes and returns it to the blood stream

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9
Q

Digestive or alimentary system

A

Organs and glands associated with ingestion, mastication, deglutition (swallowing) digestion, and absorption of food and elimination of feces

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10
Q

Respiratory system

A

Consists of air passages and lungs that supply oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide

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11
Q

Urinary system

A

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

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12
Q

Reproductive system

A

Obstetrics and gynecology, andrology for males

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13
Q

Endocrinology

A

Discrete ductless glands and other cells

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14
Q

Clinical (applied) anatomy

A

Aspects of the structure and function of body

Encompasses both regional and systemic approaches

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15
Q

Median or median sagittal plane

A

Vertical plane passing longitudinally through center of body dividing into right and left halves

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16
Q

Sagittal planes

A

Vertical planes passing through parallel to the median plane

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17
Q

Frontal (coronal) plane

A

Vertical planes dividing into anterior and posterior

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18
Q

Transverse planes or axial

A

Divides into superior and inferior

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19
Q

Inferomedial

A

Nearer to the feet, closer to the median plane

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20
Q

Superolateral

A

Nearer to head and farther from median plane

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21
Q

Dorsum

A

Refers to superior or dorsal (back) surface of any part that protrudes anteriorly from the body

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22
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Same side of body

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23
Q

Contralateral

A

Opposite side of body

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24
Q

Superficial

A

Nearer to surface

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25
Q

Intermediate

A

Between a superficial and deep structure

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26
Q

Deep

A

Farther from surface

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27
Q

Medial

A

Nearer to median plane

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28
Q

Lateral

A

Farther from median plane

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29
Q

Posterior or dorsal

A

Nearer to back

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30
Q

Inferior or caudal

A

Nearer to feet

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31
Q

Anterior or ventral

A

Nearer to front

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32
Q

Distal

A

Farther from trunk or point of origin

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33
Q

Proximal

A

Nearer to trunk or point of origin

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34
Q

Skin provides

A

Protection for the body
Containment of tissues. Organs and vital substances of the body, preventing dehydration
Heat regulation through sweat glands, blood vessels and fat deposits
Sensation
Synthesis and storage of vitamin d

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35
Q

Epidermis

A

Keratinized stratified epithelium
Avascular
Replaced every 25-45 days
Afferent nerve endings

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36
Q

Dermis

A

Dense layer of interlacing collagen and elastic fibers

Fibers provide skin tone and account for strength and toughness of skin

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37
Q

Direction of collagen fibers

A

Determines tension or cleavage lines and wrinkle lines

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38
Q

Deep layer of dermis

A

Hair follicles with associated smooth arrector muscles and sebaceous glands

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39
Q

Subcutaneous tissue or superficial fascia

A

Loose connective tissue and fat
Between dermis and deep fascia
Deepest parts of sweat glands, blood and lymphatic vessels, cutaneous nerves

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40
Q

Skin ligaments

A

Retinacula cutis

Extend through subcutaneous tissue and attach deep surface of dermis to deep fascia

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41
Q

Deep fascia

A

Dense, organized connective tissue layer devoid of fat that envelops most of the body deep to the skin and subcutaneous surface
Invest deeper structures: investing fascia
Divide muscles into groups: inter muscular septa
Lie between musculoskeletal walls and serous membranes lining body cavities: sub serous fascia

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42
Q

Retinacula

A

Formed by deep fascia

Hold tendons in place during joint movement

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43
Q

Bursae

A

Closed sacs containing fluid
Formed by deep fascia
Prevent friction and enable structures to move freely over another

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44
Q

Fascial planes

A

Potential spaces between adjacent fascias or fascia lined structures

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45
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Head, neck and trunk

Cranium or skull, cervical vertebrae, ribs, sternum, vertebrae and sacrum

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46
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Bones of limbs including those of pectoral and pelvic girdles

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47
Q

Bone provides

A 
Protection
Support
Mechanical basis for movement
Storage for salts like calcium
Blood cells
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48
Q

Cartilage

A

Semirigid avascular connective tissue

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49
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Cap articulating surfaces of bones participating in a synovial joint

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50
Q

Periosteum

A

Fibrous connective tissue covering surrounding bone

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51
Q

Perichondrium

A

Surrounding cartilage elements excluding articular cartilage

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52
Q

Structure of bones

A

Superficial layer of compact bone on top of spongy or trabecular or cancellous bone except where it is replaced by medullary cavity

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53
Q

Compact bone

A

Provides strength for weight bearing

In long bones designed for rigidity and attachment of muscles and ligaments, compact bone is most in middle of shaft

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54
Q

Heterotopic bones

A

Bones form in soft tissues

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55
Q

Long bones

A

Tubular structures like humerus and phalanges

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56
Q

Short bones

A

Cuboidal and found only in ankle and wrist

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57
Q

Flat bones

A

Seve protective functions like those of cranium

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58
Q

Irregular bones

A

Those in face

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59
Q

Condyle

A

Rounded articular area

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60
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

Develop in certain tendons like patella

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61
Q

Crest

A

Ridge of bone

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62
Q

Epicondyle

A

Eminence superior to a condyle

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63
Q

Facet

A

Smooth flat area, usually covered with cartilage here a bone articulates with another bone

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64
Q

Foramen

A

Passage through a bone

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65
Q

Fossa

A

Hollow or depressed area

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66
Q

Line or linea

A

Linear elevation

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67
Q

Malleolus

A

Rounded prominence

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68
Q

Notch

A

Indentation at the edge of a bone

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69
Q

Process

A

Projecting spine like part

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70
Q

Protuberance

A

Projection of bone

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71
Q

Spine

A

Thorn like process

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72
Q

Trochanter

A

Large, blunt elevation

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73
Q

Tubercle

A

Small, raised eminence

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75
Q

Tuberosity

A

Large rounded elevation

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76
Q

collar of callus

A

fibroblasts create it by secreting collagen in the repair of a fracture to hold the bones together

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77
Q

In general, how are bones developed?

A

All bones derived from mesenchyme (embryonic connective tissue) by intramembranous ossification (directly from mesenchyme) and endochondral ossification (from cartilage derived from mesenchyme)

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78
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

Mesenchymal models of bone form during the embryonic period and direct ossification of the mesenchyme begins in the fetal period

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79
Q

endochondral ossification

A

cartilage models of bones form from mesenchyme during the fetal period, and bone subsequently replaces most of the cartilage

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80
Q

How long bones grow

A

Endochondral ossification
Mesenchymal cells condense and differentiate into chondroblasts
form cartilaginous bone model
in middle of bone model, cartilage calcifies and periosteal capillaries grow into the calcified cartilage
capillaries initiate primary ossification center
secondary ossification centers appear in other parts of developing bone after birth
at end of growth, primary and secondary fuse and epiphyseal plate is lost

81
Q

periosteal bud

A

periosteal capillaries with the associated osteogenic cells

82
Q

diaphysis

A

shaft of a bone ossified from primary ossification center

83
Q

epiphyses

A

ossified from secondary ossification centers

84
Q

metaphysis

A

flared part of diaphysis nearest to epiphysis

85
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

cartilage that intervenes between diaphysis and epiphysis during growth

86
Q

epiphyseal line

A

fusion of diaphysis and epiphysis

87
Q

synostosis

A

process of fusion of epiphyseal plate

88
Q

nutrient arteries

A

one or more per bone
arise outside periosteum, pass through shaft of long bone via nutrient foramina and split in the medullary cavity into longitudinal branches

89
Q

nutrient arteries supply

A

bone marrow, spongy bone and deeper portions of compact bone

90
Q

periosteal arteries

A

small branches supply most of compact bone

91
Q

metaphysial and epiphyseal arteries

A

supply ends of bones. arise mainly from arteries that supply the joints

92
Q

veins

A

acoompany arteries through nutrient foramina. many large veins leave through foramina near articular ends of bones

93
Q

periosteal nerves

A

periosteum richly supplied with sensory nerves (periosteal nerves) that carry pain fibers

94
Q

vasomotor nerves

A

cause constriction of dilation of blood vessels, regulating blood flow through the bone marrow

95
Q

accessory bones

A

also called supernumerary bones
additional ossification centers appear and form extra bones. on of centers fails to fuse with main bone, giving appearance of an extra bone, but is a missing part of the main bone
common in the foot

96
Q

criteria for determining bone age

A

appearance of calcified material in diaphysis and or epiphyses
disappearance of dark line representing the epiphyseal plate

97
Q

fusion of epiphyses with the diaphysis occurs

A

1 to 2 years earlier in girls than in boys

98
Q

separation of epiphysis

A

displaced epiphyseal plate can occur in children as opposed to a fracture in an adult

99
Q

avascular necrosis

A

death of bone tissue due to a loss of blood supply to an epiphysis or other parts pof a bone
after every fracture, small areas of adjacent bone undergo necrosis

100
Q

degenerative joint disease

A

articulation becomes vulnerable to repeated friction that occurs during joint movements

101
Q

joint

A

an articulation or the lace of union or junction between two or more rigid components

102
Q

three types of joints

A

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

103
Q

fibrous joints

A

united by fibrous tissue

syndesmosis, gomphosis

104
Q

syndesmosis

A

type of fibrous joint that unites bones with a sheet of fibrous tissue, either a ligament of fibrous membrane. partially moveable

105
Q

gomphosis

A

dento-alveolar syndesmosis

type of fibrous joint in which a peg like fibrous process stabilizes a tooth and provides proprioceptive information

106
Q

cartilaginous joints

A

articulating structures are united by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
synchondroses
symphyses

107
Q

primary cartilaginous joints

A

synchondroses
united by hyaline cartilage.
permit growth of the length of the bone and allow slight bending during early life until the epiphyseal plate converts to bone and epiphysis fuses with diaphysis

108
Q

secondary cartilaginous joints

A

symphyses

strong, slightly mobile joints united by fibrocartilage

109
Q

synovial joints

A

articular cavity is a potential space that contains synovial fluid
most common type
usually reinforced by accessory ligaments

110
Q

synovial fluid

A

serves dual function of nourishing articular cartilage and lubricating joint surface

111
Q

other distinguishing characteristics of synovial joints

A

fibrocartilaginous articular discs
menisci
present when articulating surfaces of bones are incongrous

112
Q

articular arteries

A

arise from vessels around joint and feed it

anastomose (communicate) to form networks (peri-articular arterial anastomoses) which ensure a continuous blood supply

113
Q

articular veins

A

communicating veins that accompany the arteries and like the arteries, are located in the joint capsule, mostly in the synovial membrane

114
Q

articular nerves

A

in the distal parts of limbs, branches of cutaneous nerves supplying the overlying skin
otherwise, most are branches of nerves that supply the muscles that cross and therefore move the joint

115
Q

Hilton law

A

nerves supplying a joint also supply the muscles moving the joint and the skin covering the attachments

116
Q

pain fibers in synovial joints

A

numerous in the fibrous layer of the joint capsule and associated ligaments
synovial membrane relatively insensitive

117
Q

types of synovial joints

A

pivot, ball and socket, plane, hinge, saddle, condyloid

118
Q

pivot joint

A

uniaxial
rounded process of bone fits into a bony ligamentous socket, permitting rotation
atlanto-axial joint

119
Q

ball and socket joint

A

multiaxial
rounded head fits into a concavity, permitting movement on several aces
hip joint

120
Q

plane joint

A

usually uniaxial
permit gliding or sliding movements
acromioclavicular joint

121
Q

hinge joint

A

uniaxial
permit flexion and extension only
elbow joint

122
Q

saddle joint

A

biaxial
saddle shaped heads permit movement in two different planes
carpometacarpal joint

123
Q

condyloid joint

A

biaxial
permit flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, circumduction
metacarpophalangeal joint

124
Q

Muscle fibers

A

muscle cells
called so because long and narrow when relaxed
specialized contractile cells

125
Q

Fascicles

A

associated connective tissue conveys nerve fibers and capillaries to muscle fibers as it binds them

126
Q

skeletal muscle function

A

moves bones and other structures
static support
give form to body
provide heat

127
Q

cardiac striated muscle function

A

forms most of walls of heart and adjacent parts of the great vessels

128
Q

smooth muscle function

A

forms part of walls of most vessels and hollow organs

moves substances through viscera such as intestine and controls movement through blood vessels

129
Q

structure of skeletal muscle

A

fleshy contractile portion (one or more heads or bellies) composed of skeletal striated muscle
noncontractile portion composed mainly of collagen bundles

130
Q

collagen bundles of skeletal muscle

A

tendons: rounded
aponeuroses: flat sheets

131
Q

length of a muscle

A

include bellies and tendons

132
Q

pennate muscles

A

feather like in arrangement of their fascicles (fiber bundles)
unipennate, bipennate, multipennate

133
Q

fusiform muscles

A

spindle shaped

round, thick belly, tapered ends

134
Q

parallel muscles

A

fascicles lie parallel to long axis of muscle

flat muscles with parallel fibers often have aponeuroses

135
Q

convergent muscles

A

broad attachment from which the fascicles converge to a single tendon

136
Q

circular muscles

A

surround a body opening or orifice constricting it when contracted

137
Q

digastric muscles

A

feature two bellies in series sharing a common intermediate tendon

138
Q

shortening of muscles

A

when contract, shorten to about 70% of resting length

long parallel fascicles shorten the most

139
Q

muscle power increases

A

as number of cells increases

140
Q

most powerful muscles

A

shorter, wide pennate muscles

141
Q

reflexive contraction

A

automatic and not voluntary
respiratory movements of the diaphragm
muscle stretch evokes reflexive contraction produced by tapping a tendon with a reflex hammer

142
Q

tonic contraction

A 
slight contraction (muscle tone) that does not produce movement or active resistance but gives the muscle firmness
assisting the stability of joints and the maintenence of posture
143
Q

phasic contraction

A

isometric contractions: muscle length remains the same: no movement but muscle tension is increased above tonic levels
isotonic contractions: muscle changes length to produce movement

144
Q

isotonic contractions

A

concentric contraction: muscle shortening

eccentric contraction: progressive relaxation of a contracted muscle

145
Q

structural unit of a muscle

A

muscle fiber

146
Q

endomysium

A

covers individual muscle fibers

147
Q

perimysium

A

surrounds group of fibers

148
Q

epimysium

A

entire muscle surrounded

149
Q

functional unit of a muscle

A

motor unit: motor neuron and muscle fibers

150
Q

prime mover or agonist

A

main muscle responsible for producing a specific movement of the body

151
Q

fixators

A

steady the proximal parts of a limb while movements are occuring in distal parts

152
Q

synergist

A

complements the action of prime movers

for example, by preventing movement of the intervening joint when a prime mover passes over more than one joint

153
Q

antagonist

A

a muscle that opposes the action of a prime mover. as prime mover contracts, antagonist progressively relaxes, producing a smooth movement

154
Q

myocardium

A

forms muscular wall of heart, made of cardiac striated muscle

155
Q

smooth muscle

A

absence of microscopic striations
forms large part of middle coat or layer (tunica media) of the walls of most blood vessels and muscular part of wall of digestive tract and ducts
innervated by ANS
found in arrectors in skin and in the eyeball;

156
Q

muscle testing

A
  1. active: resist movements performed by examiner

2. examiner performs movements against resistance

157
Q

electromyography

A

EMG
surface electrodes over a muscle and perform movements
tonus: baseline activity

158
Q

compensatory hypertrophy

A

myocardium responds to increasing demands by increasing size of cells
smooth muscle cells also do so during pregnancy in uterus

159
Q

hypertrophy

A

increase in size

160
Q

hyperplasia

A

increase in number

161
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

right heart propels low oxygen blood returned to it into the lungs where carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen

162
Q

systemic circulation

A

oxygen rich blood returned to the left heart is pumped to the remainder of the body, exchanging oxygen and nutrients for carbon dioxide

163
Q

order of blood vessels

A

arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins, IVC, SVC

164
Q

tunics of vessels of circulatory system

A

tunica intima: thin endothelial lining of vessels
tunica media: middle smooth muscle layer
tunica adventitia: outer connective tissue coat

165
Q

conducting arteries

A

large elastic arteries
have many elastic layers in their walls
aorta and branches from arch of aorta
elasticity allows maintenence of blood pressure because return to normal between cardiac contractions

166
Q

distributing arteries

A

medium muscular arteries
walls that contain mostly smooth muscle, circularly arranged
femoral artery
ability to decrease diameter regulates flow of blood to different parts of body

167
Q

small arteries and arterioles

A

relatively narrow lumina and thick muscular walls

arterial pressure in vascular system regulated by degree of tonus in the smooth muscle of arteriolar walls

168
Q

veins

A

return poorly oxygenated blood to heart from capillary beds

walls are thinner than those of companion arteries

169
Q

venous plexuses

A

venules unite to form larger veins that usually form plexuses
dorsal venous arch of foot

170
Q

medium veins

A

in limbs and other location where the flow of blood is opposed by pull of gravity with valves that permit blood to flow toward the heart but not in reverse direction

171
Q

large veins

A

SVC and IVC

characterized by wide bundles of longitudinal smooth muscle and a well developed tunica adventitia

172
Q

systemic veins

A

more variable than arteries and more frequently form anastomoses

173
Q

vascular sheath

A

veins that accompany deep arteries (accompanying veins) surround them in a branching network and occupy a relatively unyielding vascular sheath with artery they accompany

174
Q

anastomoses

A

communications between multiple branches of an artery provide numerous potentisl detous for blood flow

175
Q

collateral circulation

A

ensures blood supply to structures distal to blockage

176
Q

terminal arteries

A

arteries that do not anastomose with adjacent arteries

177
Q

functional terminal arteries

A

arteries with ineffectual anastomoses

suppl segments of brain, liver, kidney, spleen and intestines

178
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

hardening of arteries

group of diseases characterized by thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls

179
Q

atherosclerosis

A

common form of arteriosclerosis associated with buildup of fat (cholesterol) in arterial walls

180
Q

atheromatous plaque

A

calcium deposits form it, resulting in arterial narrowing and irregularity

181
Q

varicose veins

A

abnormally swollen, twisted veins, most often seen in the legs
walls of veins lose their elasticity, become weak and dilate under pressure of supporting a column of blood against gravity
valve cusps do not meet or have been destroyed by inflammation. incompetent valves, column of blood ascending toward heart is unbroken, placing increased pressure on weakened walls of veins and exacerbating varicosities

182
Q

capillaries

A

simple endothelial tubes connecting arterial and venous sides of circulation

183
Q

capillary beds

A

networks between arterioles and venules

184
Q

arteriovenous anastomoses (AV shunts)

A

sites of communications between small arteries and veins proximal to capillary beds like in fingers
permit blood to pass directly from arterial to venous side of circulation without passing through capillaries
numerous in skin, have impt role in conserving body heat

185
Q

lymphatic system

A

provides for drainage of surplus tissue fluid and leaked plasma proteins to bloodstream and for removal of cellular debris and infection

186
Q

lymph

A

surplus extracellular tissue fluid

clear and watery and similar in composition to blood plasma

187
Q

lymphatic plexuses

A

networks of lymphatic capillaries that originate in extracellular spaces of most tissues

188
Q

lymphatic vessels (lymphatics)

A

body wide network of thin walled vessels with abundant valves originating from lymphatic plexuses along which lymph nodes are located
occur almost everywhere blood capillaries are found except teeth, bone, bone marrow and entire CNS

189
Q

lymph nodes

A

small masses of lymphatic tissue through which lymph is filtered on its way to venous system

190
Q

lymphocytes

A

circulating cells of immune system that react against foreign materials

191
Q

lymphoid organs

A

sits that produce lymphocytes
spleen, thymus, lymph nodes
walls of digestive tract
myeloid tissue in red bone marrow

192
Q

right lymphatic duct

A

drains lymph from bodys right upper quadrant (right side of head, neck and thorax and entire right upper limb)
ends in right subclavian vein at its angle of juncton with right internal jugular vein at right venous angle

193
Q

thoracic duct

A

drains lymph from reminder of body
begins in abdomen as cisterna chyli
ascends through thorax and enters junction of left internal jugular and left subclavian veins called left venous angle

194
Q

lymphangitis

A

refer to secondary inflammation of lymphatic vessels

occurs during metastisis of cancer

195
Q

lymphadenitis

A

refer to secondary inflammation of lymph nodes

occurs during metastisis of cancer

196
Q

lymphedema

A

accumulation of interstitial fluid
lymph not drained from an area of body
if lymph nodes removed

197
Q

additional functions of lymphatic system

A

absorption and transport of dietary fat through lacteals which receive chyle from intestine and convey it through thoracic duct to venous system
formation of defense mechanism for the body

198
Q

lacteals

A

specialized lymphatic capillaries that receive absorbed fat

Gross (31 decks)

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