Endocrinology

Question 0

What is congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

Answer 0

Women genetically xx
Loss of 21- hydoxylyase
Deficiency leads to adrenal glands producing abnormally high levels of testosterone
Triggers masculinisation of genetically female fetus

Question 1

Give an example of a polypeptide hormone?

Answer 1

Gonadotropins
Insulin
Oxytocin
hCG
Prolactin

Question 2

In the male LH acts on what? To do what?

Answer 2

Leydig cells

Produce testosterone

Question 3

In the male FSH acts on what? To do what?

Answer 3

Sertoli cells

Spermatogenisis

Question 4

What’s the difference between a genotype and phenotype?

Answer 4

Genotype is the genes you have

Phenotype is the characteristics you express

Question 5

What are the steps of implantation of the blastocyst into the endometrium?

Answer 5

ZP and mucins prevent invasion in wrong location
When in uterus ZP sheds
L-selectin on trophoblast binds to endometrium and rolls
LIF- tells trophoblast to slit into syncytiotrophoblast and to secrete hCG
EGF- correctly aligns blastocyst
Intigrin up regulated on blastocyst so binds to endometrium
Local signalling events break intracellular junctions and syncytiotrophoblasts release lytic enzymes

Question 6

Give an example of a steroid hormone?

Answer 6

Testosterone
Oestrogen
Progesterone
Aldosterone

Question 7

Give an example of an amine hormone

Answer 7

Adrenaline

Dopamine

Question 8

What’s the difference between a steroid hormone and a polypeptide hormone?

Answer 8

Polypeptides travel freely in the blood and are stored in secretary vesicles
Steroids are synthesised upon stimulation, diffuse across plasma membrane, they are not very soluble so they travel bound to plasma proteins

Question 9

Why does receptor desensitisation occur?

Answer 9

Because of prolonged exposure to a signal

Question 10

What causes the production of male characteristics in a fetus?

Answer 10

SRY gene on the Y chromosome instruct developing gonads to become testes without it ovaries are formed

Question 11

The drugs danazol and clomiphene cyclofenil do what?

Answer 11

Prevent oestrogens inhibitory effect on anterior pituitary
It prevents normal modulation by negative feedback
Increased secretion of GnRH
Multiple births!!

Question 12

What are the stages of follicular development?

Answer 12

Primary oocyte
Primordial follicle
Primary follicle
Secondary follicle
Early tertiary follicle (1st meiotic division completed)
Graafian follicle (beginning of 2nd meiotic division)
Oocyte

Question 13

What does prostate fluid contain?

Answer 13

PSA
Prostaglandins
Other including zinc