Other

Question 0

The umbilical vein goes into?

Answer 0

Through liver via the ductus venosus into the IVC

Question 1

The umbilical artery arises from? (In the fetus)

Answer 1

The internal iliac artery

Question 2

What is the function of the bulbourethral gland?

Answer 2

Lubricates male tract

Clears out left over urine

Question 3

What are the 4 main methods of contraception?

Answer 3

Prevent implantation
Prevent fertilisation
Stop sperm production
Stop ovulation

Question 4

What are the four main steps of fertilisation?

Answer 4

Survive the vagina
Penetrate the cervix
Swim to the Fallopian tubes
Fertilisation

Question 5

What part of ejaculate keeps the pH basic?

Answer 5

Seminal fluid

Question 6

What helps the sperm swim through the cervix?

Answer 6

Oestrogen relaxes the muscles of the cervix and makes mucus more fluid
Progesterone makes mucus thicker making it harder for sperm to penetrate

Question 7

Explain capacitation of the sperm

Answer 7

Proteins are stripped from the plasma membrane of the sperm
This expresses receptors for chemoattractants
Stripping of cholesterol from the plasma membrane allows influx of Ca
This triggers hyperactivation

Question 8

Which chemical messengers attract sperm to the correct place?

Answer 8

Progesterone from corona radiata cells

Atrial natriuretic peptide from follicular fluid

Question 9

Explain how sperm penetrates the oocyte

Answer 9

Sperm binds to ZP
influx of Ca in sperm triggers exocytosis of acrosome which contains hydrolytic enzymes
These enzymes dissolve ZP
Whip like action pushes sperm forwards
Membranes fuse and contents enters into oocyte

A rise in Ca in oocyte causes release of granules that make ZP harder
The rise in Ca causes second meiotic division
Male and female pronuclei fuse

Question 10

Which hormones and how do they prepare the endometrium for implantation?

Answer 10

Oestrogen causes proliferation of endometrium

Progesterone maintains and thickens lining

Question 11

What is involution? And what is it due to?

Answer 11

Dramatic shrinkage of the uterus

Due to the disappearance of oestrogen and progesterone

Question 12

What are the two main theories for the onset of labour?

Answer 12

Mechanical

Hormonal

Question 13

Which hormones inhibit milk production in pregnancy?

Answer 13

Progesterone and oestrogen

Question 14

What are the anatomical changes of the breast in pregnancy?

Answer 14

First half of pregnancy, ducts branch and extend, the lobes and alveoli proliferate and expand
The third trimester, cells double in size, epithelial cells convert to lactocytes

Question 15

What are the effects of prolactin and oxytocin on breast feeding?

Answer 15

Prolactin causes milk production

Oxytocin cases smooth muscle contraction to allow milk ejection