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RADT 252 - Radiographic Procedures III > 252 Final Review > Flashcards

252 Final Review Flashcards

(93 cards)

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1
Q

How is the arm positioned for an AP scapula?

A

Abducted 90 degrees, forearm flexed

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2
Q

The acromial extremity of the clavicle articulates with the what?

A

Acromion process of the scapula

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3
Q

The central-ray angulation for a PA projection of the sternoclavicular joint is what?

A

0 degrees

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4
Q

The space between each of the ribs is called the what?

A

Intercostal spaces

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5
Q

For the PA oblique projection (scapular Y) of the shoulder, the body is rotated so that the midcoronal plane is how many degrees from the IR?

A

45 to 60 degrees

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6
Q

How many pounds of weight should be affixed to each wrist for the AP projection of the AC joint?

A

5-10 lbs.

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7
Q

The AP projection of the AC joints places the joints at an increased OID. What is the recommended SID to compensate for this distance?

A

72 in. SID

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8
Q

To obtain a more uniform image density, the respiration phase for the AP projection of the clavicle should be what?

A

Expiration

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9
Q

What is the essential projection and body position for demonstration of the sternum?

A

PA oblique, RAO

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10
Q

For the lateral projection of the scapula, the body is placed in which position?

A

RAO or LAO

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11
Q

For delineation of the acromion and coracoid processes of the scapula in the lateral projection, the arm is positioned as follows:

A

Flex the elbow and place the hand on the posterior thorax

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12
Q

The central-ray angle for an AP axial projection of the clavicle when performed on a patient in the supine position is what?

A

15 to 30 degrees

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13
Q

The clavicle is classified as a (type of bone) ?

A

Long bone

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14
Q

The scapula is classified as a (type of bone)?

A

Flat bone

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15
Q

Where is the CR centered for a PA oblique sternum?

A

Level of T7

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16
Q

All of the joints of the shoulder girdle are ?

A

Synovial, freely movable

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17
Q

Which SID is recommended for the lateral projection of the sternum for management of magnification?

A

72 in. SID

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18
Q

The 10 costochondral joints of the ribs are ?

A

Cartilaginous—synchondroses

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19
Q

Both AC joints, with and without weights, must be image at the same time for proper diagnosis. (TRUE/FALSE?)

A

True

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20
Q

Which ribs are demonstrated on an AP oblique projection?

A

Side closest to the IR

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21
Q

When viewed from the side, the vertebral column presents how many curves?

A

Four

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22
Q

The articulations between the articular processes of the vertebral arches are called the what?

A

Zygapophyseal joints

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23
Q

Spinal nerves and blood vessels exit the spinal column through the what?

A

Intervertebral foramina

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24
Q

Which vertebral process projects posteriorly from the junction of the laminae and pedicles?

A

Transverse processes

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25
The zygapophyseal joints of the cervical spine are clearly demonstrated on which projection?
Lateral C-spine
26
Which method is used to demonstrate the dens within the foramen magnum?
Fuchs Method
27
The central-ray angle for an AP axial cervical vertebrae is what?
15 to 20 degrees cephalad
28
How are small weights applied to the arms for the lateral projection of the cervical spine?
Affixed to the wrists
29
Where is the IR centered for a lateral cervical spine?
Fourth cervical vertebra
30
The respiration phase for a lateral cervical spine is what?
Full expiration
31
Where is the central ray centered for a hyperflexion or hyperextension lateral cervical spine?
Fourth cervical vertebra
32
Which projections of the cervical spine will demonstrate the lower five zygapophyseal joints of the cervical spine?
-Lateral -Flexion -Extension
33
How much is the body rotated for an AP axial oblique projection of the cervical intervertebral foramina?
45 degrees
34
What is the recommended SID for the AP axial oblique projection of the cervical spine?
60-72" SID
35
How much is the body rotated for a PA axial oblique projection of the cervical intervertebral foramina?
45 degrees
36
Which method uses a chewing motion (wagging jaw) of the mandible to demonstrate the cervical spine in an AP projection?
Ottonello Method
37
The recommended SID for a dorsal decubitus (cross-table) lateral projection of the cervical spine on a trauma patient is what?
60-72" SID
38
The swimmer's technique demonstrates the cervicothoracic region in which projection?
Lateral
39
Where is the IR centered for the lateral projection of the cervicothoracic region (swimmer's technique)?
C7-T1 interspace
40
Where does the central ray enter the patient for an AP axial projection of the coccyx?
2 inches superior to the pubic symphysis
41
How many vertebrae are there in the sacrum in an adult?
5 sacral vertebrae
42
the average range of the angle of the L4-S1 zygapophyseal joints are ?
45 to 60°
43
How many vertebrae make up the vertebral column?
24 (or 33 apparently)
44
If the pedicle is anterior on vertebral body, this means the patient is not rotated enough. (TRUE/FALSE?)
True
45
Where does the central ray enter the patient for an AP axial projection of the sacrum?
2 inches superior to the pubic symphysis
46
Ideally, the cathode end of an x-ray tube should be positioned to take advantage of the "heel effect" of the tube. Where should the cathode be placed for an AP thoracic spine?
Toward the feet
47
If support is not placed under the lower thoracic vertebrae for a lateral projection, the central ray may have to be angled. What is the degree of angulation that would be required?
10 to 15° cephalic
48
Which of the following breathing techniques can be used for a lateral projection of the thoracic vertebrae? (1) full inspiration (2) suspended respiration (3) quiet breathing
2 & 3
49
The average range of the angle of the L1-L3 zygapophyseal joints are ?
0 to 30 degrees
50
If the pedicle is posterior on vertebral body, this means the patient is rotated not enough. TRUE/FALSE?
False
51
If the lumbar spine cannot be adjusted so it is horizontal for the lateral projection, the central ray should be angled how many degrees and in what direction?
5° men, 8° women- caudad
52
Which thoracic vertebrae contain costal facets on the transverse process?
T 1 - T 10
53
When only the lumbar vertebrae (not lumbosacral) are imaged in the AP projection, the central ray is directed:
1.5 inches above the iliac crest
54
An abnormal increase in the convexity of the lumbar spine is termed:
Lordosis
55
How many degrees is the body rotated for the AP oblique projection of the sacroiliac joint?
25 to 30°
56
The central-ray angle for an AP axial projection of the sacrum is
15° cephalic
57
Occasionally, a patient may have to be placed in the prone position for a sacrum radiography, and a PA projection performed. What is the central-ray angle for this projection?
15° caudad
58
Where does the central ray enter when positioned for a lateral sacrum?
At the level of the ASIS and 3.5 inches posterior
59
On each side of the sacral base is a large wing-like mass called the:
Ala
60
The angle of the articulation between the sacrum and the ilia (the sacroiliac joints) is:
25 to 30°
61
What level is central ray directed for an AP lumbosacral spine?
Iliac crests
62
Which of the following plane is placed perpendicular to the tabletop and centered to the midline of the grid for a lateral lumbar spine?
Mid-Coronal Plane (MCP)
63
Which projections will demonstrate the right sacroiliac joint? (1) AP oblique, LPO position (2) AP oblique, RPO position (3) PA oblique, RAO position
1 & 3
64
Which of the following are functions of the vertebral column? 1. Supports the trunk 2. Protects the spinal cord 3. Supports the skull superiorly
1, 2, and 3
65
An abnormal increase in the convexity of the thoracic spine is termed:
Kyphosis
66
The zygapophyseal joints of the thoracic spine form an angle of how many degrees with the midsagittal plane?
70-75 degrees
67
The condition of the lumbar spine in which there is anterior displacement of one vertebra over another is termed:
spondylolisthesis
68
What is the central-ray angulation for the lateral projection of the thoracic spine if the vertebral column is not elevated to a horizontal plane?
10 to 15° cephalad
69
Where is the central ray directed for a lateral thoracic spine?
T7
70
Which of the following should be performed to reduce the lordotic curvature of the lumbar spine for the AP projection? 1. Flex the hips. 2. Flex the knees. 3. Flex the elbows.
1 & 2
71
What describes the central-ray centering point for the L5-S1 lateral projection?
2 inches posterior to the ASIS and 1.5 inches below the iliac crest
72
When the spine cannot be placed in a true horizontal position for the L5-S1 lateral projection, the central ray must be angled:
5 degrees men, 8 degrees women, caudad
73
Which zygapophyseal joints are demonstrated on the AP oblique projection of the lumbar spine?
joints closest to the IR
74
Which projection of the lumbar spine displays the vertebrae in the form of a "Scottie dog"? 1. Lateral 2. AP oblique 3. PA oblique
2 & 3
75
Which of the following devices should be used to improve image quality on the lateral projection of the sacrum or coccyx? 1. Sandbags 2. Close collimation 3. Sheet of leaded rubber
2 & 3
76
CT is able to differentiate between tissues with similar densities compared with conventional radiography because of:
Improved contrast resolution
77
An array of numbers arranged in a grid of rows and columns is called a:
Matrix
78
Contrast is adjusted by windowing, changing window width and window level. Window width determines the:
Number of gray levels displayed
79
Oral contrast for CT should be mixed so it is:
less concentrated than for general examinations
80
Dose in CT is considered to be:
Size dependent
81
The measured x-ray transmission values are called:
Raw data
82
CT detectors are most commonly _____ detectors
scintillation (solid-state)
83
The CT system's ability to freeze any motion of a scanned object is termed:
temporal resolution
84
Factors that affect image quality in CT consist of: 1. spatial resolution. 2. noise. 3. contrast media
1 & 2
85
The most significant geometric factor that contributes to spatial resolution is:
detector aperture width
86
All of the following are methods of 3D reconstruction techniques in CT except:
pixel-voxel reregistration
87
The most common reporting method of dose reporting on the present scanners is:
Dose-length product (DLP)
88
The Grandy method is a(n):
lateral projection of the cervical vertebrae
89
Which of the following methods is used to evaluate the thoracic and lumbar spine during scoliosis radiography?
Ferguson
90
Spina bifida is a congenital deformity of the vertebral column in which the ____ fail to unite posteriorly.
Lamina
91
The part of the lamina that lies between the superior and inferior articular processes on a typical lumbar vertebra is called the:
pars interarticularis
92
The zygapophyseal joints of the vertebral column are classified as:
synovial—gliding
93
Which is the essential projection used to demonstrate the zygapophyseal joints of the lumbar spine?
AP oblique, RPO and LPO position

RADT 252 - Radiographic Procedures III (7 decks)

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