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RADT 252 - Radiographic Procedures III > 252 Final Review > Flashcards

252 Final Review Flashcards

1
Q

How is the arm positioned for an AP scapula?

A

Abducted 90 degrees, forearm flexed

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2
Q

The acromial extremity of the clavicle articulates with the what?

A

Acromion process of the scapula

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3
Q

The central-ray angulation for a PA projection of the sternoclavicular joint is what?

A

0 degrees

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4
Q

The space between each of the ribs is called the what?

A

Intercostal spaces

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5
Q

For the PA oblique projection (scapular Y) of the shoulder, the body is rotated so that the midcoronal plane is how many degrees from the IR?

A

45 to 60 degrees

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6
Q

How many pounds of weight should be affixed to each wrist for the AP projection of the AC joint?

A

5-10 lbs.

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7
Q

The AP projection of the AC joints places the joints at an increased OID. What is the recommended SID to compensate for this distance?

A

72 in. SID

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8
Q

To obtain a more uniform image density, the respiration phase for the AP projection of the clavicle should be what?

A

Expiration

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9
Q

What is the essential projection and body position for demonstration of the sternum?

A

PA oblique, RAO

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10
Q

For the lateral projection of the scapula, the body is placed in which position?

A

RAO or LAO

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11
Q

For delineation of the acromion and coracoid processes of the scapula in the lateral projection, the arm is positioned as follows:

A

Flex the elbow and place the hand on the posterior thorax

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12
Q

The central-ray angle for an AP axial projection of the clavicle when performed on a patient in the supine position is what?

A

15 to 30 degrees

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13
Q

The clavicle is classified as a (type of bone) ?

A

Long bone

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14
Q

The scapula is classified as a (type of bone)?

A

Flat bone

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15
Q

Where is the CR centered for a PA oblique sternum?

A

Level of T7

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16
Q

All of the joints of the shoulder girdle are ?

A

Synovial, freely movable

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17
Q

Which SID is recommended for the lateral projection of the sternum for management of magnification?

A

72 in. SID

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18
Q

The 10 costochondral joints of the ribs are ?

A

Cartilaginous—synchondroses

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19
Q

Both AC joints, with and without weights, must be image at the same time for proper diagnosis. (TRUE/FALSE?)

A

True

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20
Q

Which ribs are demonstrated on an AP oblique projection?

A

Side closest to the IR

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21
Q

When viewed from the side, the vertebral column presents how many curves?

A

Four

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22
Q

The articulations between the articular processes of the vertebral arches are called the what?

A

Zygapophyseal joints

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23
Q

Spinal nerves and blood vessels exit the spinal column through the what?

A

Intervertebral foramina

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24
Q

Which vertebral process projects posteriorly from the junction of the laminae and pedicles?

A

Transverse processes

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25
Q

The zygapophyseal joints of the cervical spine are clearly demonstrated on which projection?

A

Lateral C-spine

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26
Q

Which method is used to demonstrate the dens within the foramen magnum?

A

Fuchs Method

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27
Q

The central-ray angle for an AP axial cervical vertebrae is what?

A

15 to 20 degrees cephalad

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28
Q

How are small weights applied to the arms for the lateral projection of the cervical spine?

A

Affixed to the wrists

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29
Q

Where is the IR centered for a lateral cervical spine?

A

Fourth cervical vertebra

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30
Q

The respiration phase for a lateral cervical spine is what?

A

Full expiration

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31
Q

Where is the central ray centered for a hyperflexion or hyperextension lateral cervical spine?

A

Fourth cervical vertebra

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32
Q

Which projections of the cervical spine will demonstrate the lower five zygapophyseal joints of the cervical spine?

A

-Lateral
-Flexion
-Extension

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33
Q

How much is the body rotated for an AP axial oblique projection of the cervical intervertebral foramina?

A

45 degrees

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34
Q

What is the recommended SID for the AP axial oblique projection of the cervical spine?

A

60-72” SID

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35
Q

How much is the body rotated for a PA axial oblique projection of the cervical intervertebral foramina?

A

45 degrees

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36
Q

Which method uses a chewing motion (wagging jaw) of the mandible to demonstrate the cervical spine in an AP projection?

A

Ottonello Method

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37
Q

The recommended SID for a dorsal decubitus (cross-table) lateral projection of the cervical spine on a trauma patient is what?

A

60-72” SID

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38
Q

The swimmer’s technique demonstrates the cervicothoracic region in which projection?

A

Lateral

39
Q

Where is the IR centered for the lateral projection of the cervicothoracic region (swimmer’s technique)?

A

C7-T1 interspace

40
Q

Where does the central ray enter the patient for an AP axial projection of the coccyx?

A

2 inches superior to the pubic symphysis

41
Q

How many vertebrae are there in the sacrum in an adult?

A

5 sacral vertebrae

42
Q

the average range of the angle of the L4-S1 zygapophyseal joints are ?

A

45 to 60°

43
Q

How many vertebrae make up the vertebral column?

A

24 (or 33 apparently)

44
Q

If the pedicle is anterior on vertebral body, this means the patient is not rotated enough. (TRUE/FALSE?)

A

True

45
Q

Where does the central ray enter the patient for an AP axial projection of the sacrum?

A

2 inches superior to the pubic symphysis

46
Q

Ideally, the cathode end of an x-ray tube should be positioned to take advantage of the “heel effect” of the tube. Where should the cathode be placed for an AP thoracic spine?

A

Toward the feet

47
Q

If support is not placed under the lower thoracic vertebrae for a lateral projection, the central ray may have to be angled. What is the degree of angulation that would be required?

A

10 to 15° cephalic

48
Q

Which of the following breathing techniques can be used for a lateral projection of the thoracic vertebrae?

(1) full inspiration

(2) suspended respiration

(3) quiet breathing

A

2 & 3

49
Q

The average range of the angle of the L1-L3 zygapophyseal joints are ?

A

0 to 30 degrees

50
Q

If the pedicle is posterior on vertebral body, this means the patient is rotated not enough. TRUE/FALSE?

A

False

51
Q

If the lumbar spine cannot be adjusted so it is horizontal for the lateral projection, the central ray should be angled how many degrees and in what direction?

A

5° men, 8° women- caudad

52
Q

Which thoracic vertebrae contain costal facets on the transverse process?

A

T 1 - T 10

53
Q

When only the lumbar vertebrae (not lumbosacral) are imaged in the AP projection, the central ray is directed:

A

1.5 inches above the iliac crest

54
Q

An abnormal increase in the convexity of the lumbar spine is termed:

A

Lordosis

55
Q

How many degrees is the body rotated for the AP oblique projection of the sacroiliac joint?

A

25 to 30°

56
Q

The central-ray angle for an AP axial projection of the sacrum is

A

15° cephalic

57
Q

Occasionally, a patient may have to be placed in the prone position for a sacrum radiography, and a PA projection performed. What is the central-ray angle for this projection?

A

15° caudad

58
Q

Where does the central ray enter when positioned for a lateral sacrum?

A

At the level of the ASIS and 3.5 inches posterior

59
Q

On each side of the sacral base is a large wing-like mass called the:

A

Ala

60
Q

The angle of the articulation between the sacrum and the ilia (the sacroiliac joints) is:

A

25 to 30°

61
Q

What level is central ray directed for an AP lumbosacral spine?

A

Iliac crests

62
Q

Which of the following plane is placed perpendicular to the tabletop and centered to the midline of the grid for a lateral lumbar spine?

A

Mid-Coronal Plane (MCP)

63
Q

Which projections will demonstrate the right sacroiliac joint?
(1) AP oblique, LPO position
(2) AP oblique, RPO position
(3) PA oblique, RAO position

A

1 & 3

64
Q

Which of the following are functions of the vertebral column?
1. Supports the trunk
2. Protects the spinal cord
3. Supports the skull superiorly

A

1, 2, and 3

65
Q

An abnormal increase in the convexity of the thoracic spine is termed:

A

Kyphosis

66
Q

The zygapophyseal joints of the thoracic spine form an angle of how many degrees with the midsagittal plane?

A

70-75 degrees

67
Q

The condition of the lumbar spine in which there is anterior displacement of one vertebra over another is termed:

A

spondylolisthesis

68
Q

What is the central-ray angulation for the lateral projection of the thoracic spine if the vertebral column is not elevated to a horizontal plane?

A

10 to 15° cephalad

69
Q

Where is the central ray directed for a lateral thoracic spine?

A

T7

70
Q

Which of the following should be performed to reduce the lordotic curvature of the lumbar spine for the AP projection?
1. Flex the hips.
2. Flex the knees.
3. Flex the elbows.

A

1 & 2

71
Q

What describes the central-ray centering point for the L5-S1 lateral projection?

A

2 inches posterior to the ASIS and 1.5 inches below the iliac crest

72
Q

When the spine cannot be placed in a true horizontal position for the L5-S1 lateral projection, the central ray must be angled:

A

5 degrees men, 8 degrees women, caudad

73
Q

Which zygapophyseal joints are demonstrated on the AP oblique projection of the lumbar spine?

A

joints closest to the IR

74
Q

Which projection of the lumbar spine displays the vertebrae in the form of a “Scottie dog”?
1. Lateral
2. AP oblique
3. PA oblique

A

2 & 3

75
Q

Which of the following devices should be used to improve image quality on the lateral projection of the sacrum or coccyx?
1. Sandbags
2. Close collimation
3. Sheet of leaded rubber

A

2 & 3

76
Q

CT is able to differentiate between tissues with similar densities compared with conventional radiography because of:

A

Improved contrast resolution

77
Q

An array of numbers arranged in a grid of rows and columns is called a:

A

Matrix

78
Q

Contrast is adjusted by windowing, changing window width and window level. Window width determines the:

A

Number of gray levels displayed

79
Q

Oral contrast for CT should be mixed so it is:

A

less concentrated than for general examinations

80
Q

Dose in CT is considered to be:

A

Size dependent

81
Q

The measured x-ray transmission values are called:

A

Raw data

82
Q

CT detectors are most commonly _____ detectors

A

scintillation (solid-state)

83
Q

The CT system’s ability to freeze any motion of a scanned object is termed:

A

temporal resolution

84
Q

Factors that affect image quality in CT consist of:
1. spatial resolution.
2. noise.
3. contrast media

A

1 & 2

85
Q

The most significant geometric factor that contributes to spatial resolution is:

A

detector aperture width

86
Q

All of the following are methods of 3D reconstruction techniques in CT except:

A

pixel-voxel reregistration

87
Q

The most common reporting method of dose reporting on the present scanners is:

A

Dose-length product (DLP)

88
Q

The Grandy method is a(n):

A

lateral projection of the cervical vertebrae

89
Q

Which of the following methods is used to evaluate the thoracic and lumbar spine during scoliosis radiography?

A

Ferguson

90
Q

Spina bifida is a congenital deformity of the vertebral column in which the ____ fail to unite posteriorly.

A

Lamina

91
Q

The part of the lamina that lies between the superior and inferior articular processes on a typical lumbar vertebra is called the:

A

pars interarticularis

92
Q

The zygapophyseal joints of the vertebral column are classified as:

A

synovial—gliding

93
Q

Which is the essential projection used to demonstrate the zygapophyseal joints of the lumbar spine?

A

AP oblique, RPO and LPO position

RADT 252 - Radiographic Procedures III (7 decks)

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