Chapter 3 & 4

Question 1

A molecule (such as water) with opposite charges on different ends of the molecule.

Answer 1

Polar Molecule

Question 2

The binding together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds.

Answer 2

Cohesion

Question 3

The attraction between different kinds of molecules.

Answer 3

Adhesion

Question 4

A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid. Water has a high surface tension because of the hydrogen bonding of surface molecules.

Answer 4

Surface Tension

Question 5

The ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces without the assistance of, and in opposition to, external forces like gravity.

Answer 5

Capillary Action

Question 6

The energy associated with the relative motion of objects. Moving matter can perform work by imparting motion to other matter.

Answer 6

Kinetic Energy

Question 7

The total amount of kinetic energy due to the random motion of atoms or molecules in a body of matter; also called thermal energy. Heat is energy in its most random form.

Answer 7

Heat

Question 8

A measure of the intensity of heat in degrees, reflecting the average kinetic energy of the molecules.

Answer 8

Temperature

Question 9

The scale of temperature in which water freezes at 0° and boils at 100° under standard conditions.

Answer 9

Celsius Scale

Question 10

The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1º C; also the amount of heat energy that 1 g of water releases when it cools by 1º C.

Answer 10

Calorie

Question 11

A thousand calories; the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1º C.

Answer 11

Kilocalorie

Question 12

The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of a substance to change its temperature by 1º C.

Answer 12

Specific Heat

Question 13

The quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state.

Answer 13

Heat of Vaporization

Question 14

The process in which the surface of an object becomes cooler during evaporation, owing to a hang of the molecules with the greatest kinetic energy from the liquid to the gaseous state.

Answer 14

Evaporative Cooling

Question 15

A liquid that is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances.

Answer 15

Solution

Question 16

The dissolving agent of a solution. Water is the most versatile solvent known.

Answer 16

Solvent

Question 17

A substance that is dissolved in a solution.

Answer 17

Solute

Question 18

A solution in which water is the solvent.

Answer 18

Aqueous Solution

Question 19

The sphere of water molecules around a dissolved ion.

Answer 19

Hydration Shell

Question 20

Having an affinity for water.

Answer 20

Hydrophilic

Question 21

Having an aversion to water; tending to coalesce and form droplets in water.

Answer 21

Hydrophobic

Question 22

A mixture made up of a liquid and particles that (because of their large size) remain suspended rather that dissolved in that liquid.

Answer 22

Colloid

Question 23

The sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule; sometimes called molecular weight.

Answer 23

Molecular Mass

Question 24

The number of grams of a substance that equals its molecular weight in daltons and contains Avogadro’s number of molecules.

Answer 24

Mole

Question 25

A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.

Answer 25

Acid

Question 26

A substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.

Answer 26

Base

Question 27

A substance that consists of acid and base forms in a solution and that minimizes changes in pH when extraneous acids or bases are added to the solution.

Answer 27

Buffer

Question 28

Rain, snow, or fog that is more acidic than pH 5.2.

Answer 28

Acid Precipitation

Question 29

The study of carbon compounds (organic compounds).

Answer 29

Organic Chemistry

Question 30

An organic molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen.

Answer 30

Hydrocarbons

Question 31

One of several compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms.

Answer 31

Structural Isomers

Question 32

One of several compounds that have the same molecular formula and covalent arrangements but differ in the spatial arrangements of their atoms owing to the inflexibility of double bonds.

Answer 32

Geometric Isomers

Question 33

One of several compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and therefore different properties. The three types of isomers are structural isomers, geometric isomers, and enantiomers.

Answer 33

Isomers

Question 34

One of two compounds that are mirror images of each other.

Answer 34

Enantiomers

Question 35

A specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and usually involved in chemical reactions.

Answer 35

Functional Groups

Question 36

An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells.

Answer 36

ATP