Chapter 9

Question 1

Acetyl coenzyme A; the entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration, formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme.

Answer 1

Acetyl CoA

Question 2

A catabolic pathway that consumes oxygen (O2) and organic molecules, producing ATP. This is the most efficient catabolic pathway and is carried out in most eukaryotic cells and many prokaryotic organisms.

Answer 2

Aerobic Respiration

Question 3

Glycolysis followed by the conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol.

Answer 3

Alcohol Fermentation

Question 4

A complex of several membrane proteins that provide a port through which protons diffuse.

Answer 4

ATP Synthase

Question 5

The catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which break down organic molecules for the production of ATP.

Answer 5

Cellular Respiration

Question 6

An energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work, such as the syntheses of ATP.

Answer 6

Chemiosmosis

Question 7

An iron-containing protein that is a component of electron transport changes in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells and the plasma membranes of prokaryotic cells.

Answer 7

Cytochromes

Question 8

A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP.

Answer 8

Electron Transport Chain

Question 9

An organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but that switches to anaerobic respiration or fermentation if oxygen is not present.

Answer 9

Facultative Anaerobes

Question 10

A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid.

Answer 10

Fermentation

Question 11

Glycolysis followed by the conversion of pyruvate to lactate, with no release of carbon dioxide.

Answer 11

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Question 12

An organism that only carries out fermentation or anaerobic respiration.

Answer 12

Obligate Anaerobes

Question 13

The loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction.

Answer 13

Oxidation

Question 14

The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular respiration.

Answer 14

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Question 15

The electron acceptor in a redox reaction.

Answer 15

Oxidizing agent

Question 16

The potential energy stored in the form of an electrochemical gradient, generated by the pumping of hydrogen ions across a biological membrane during chemiosmosis.

Answer 16

Proton-Motive Force

Question 17

A chemical reaction involving the complete or partial transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; short for oxidation-reduction reaction.

Answer 17

Redox Reactions

Question 18

The electron donor in a redox reaction.

Answer 18

Reducing Agent

Question 19

The addition of electrons to a substance involved in a redox reaction.

Answer 19

Reduction