Chapter 10

Question 1

The conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in sugars or other organic compounds; occurs in plants, algae, and certain prokaryotes.

Answer 1

Photosynthesis

Question 2

A plant that uses crassulacean acid metabolism, an adaptation for photosynthesis in arid conditions.

Answer 2

CAM Pathway

Question 3

An organism that obtains organic food molecules without eating other organisms.

Answer 3

Autotrophs

Question 4

In C4 plants, a type of loosely arranged photosynthetic cell located between the bundle sheath and the leaf surface.

Answer 4

Mesophyll Cells

Question 5

An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or substances derived from them.

Answer 5

Heterotrophs

Question 6

In C4 plants, a type of photosynthetic cell arranged into tightly packed sheaths around the veins of a leaf.

Answer 6

Bundle-Sheath Cells

Question 7

A green pigment located within the chloroplasts of plants and algae and in the membranes of certain prokaryotes.

Answer 7

Chlorophyll

Question 8

The ground tissue of a leaf, sandwiched between the upper and lower epidermis and specialized for photosynthesis.

Answer 8

Mesophyll

Question 9

A plant in which the Calvin cycle is preceded by reactions that incorporate CO2 into a four-carbon compound, the end product of which supplies CO2 for the Calvin Cycle.

Answer 9

C4 Plants

Question 10

A microscopic pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allows gas exchange between the environment and the interior of the plant.

Answer 10

Stomata

Question 11

A metabolic pathway that consumes oxygen and ATP, releases carbon dioxide, and decreases photosynthetic output.

Answer 11

Photorespiration

Question 12

A plant that uses the Calvin cycle for the initial steps that incorporate CO2 into organic material, forming a three-carbon compound as the first stable intermediate.

Answer 12

C3 Plants

Question 13

Within the chloroplast, the dense fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.

Answer 13

Stroma

Question 14

A route of electron flow during the light reactions of photosynthesis that involves only photosystem I and that produces ATP but not NADPH or O2.

Answer 14

Cyclic Electron Flow

Question 15

A flattened membranous sac inside a chloroplast.

Answer 15

Thylakoids

Question 16

A route of electron flow during the light reactions of photosynthesis that involves both photosystems (I and II) and produces ATP, NADPH, and O2.

Answer 16

Linear Electron Flow

Question 17

A stack of membrane-bounded thylakoids in the chloroplast.

Answer 17

Grana

Question 18

One of two light-capturing units in a chloroplast’s thylakoid membrane or in the membrane of some prokaryotes; it has two molecules of P680 chlorophyll a at its reaction center.

Answer 18

Photosystem II

Question 19

The first of two major stages in photosynthesis (preceding the Calvin cycle).

Answer 19

Light Reactions

Question 20

One of two light-capturing units in a chloroplast’s thylakoid membrane or in the membrane of some prokaryotes; it has two molecules of P700 chlorophyll a at its reaction center.

Answer 20

Photosystem I

Question 21

The second of two major stages in photosynthesis (following the light reactions), involving fixation of atmospheric Co2 and reduction of the fixed carbon into carbohydrate.

Answer 21

Calvin Cycle

Question 22

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, an electron acceptor that, as NADPH, temporarily stores energized electrons produced during the light reactions.

Answer 22

NADP+

Question 23

A light-capturing unit located in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast or in the membrane of some prokaryotes, consisting of a reaction-center complex surrounded by numbers light-harvesting complexes.

Answer 23

Photosystem

Question 24

The process of generating ATP from ADP and phosphate by means of a proton-motive force generated across the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast or the membrane of certain prokaryotes during the light reactions of photosynthesis.

Answer 24

Photophosphorylation

Question 25

An accessory pigment, either yellow or orange, in the chloroplasts of plants and in some prokaryotes.

Answer 25

Carotenoids

Question 26

The initial incorporation of carbon from CO2 into an organic compound by an autotrophic organism (a plant, another photosynthetic organism, or a chemoautotrophic prokaryote).

Answer 26

Carbon Fixation

Question 27

An accessory photosynthetic pigment that transfers energy to chlorophyll a.

Answer 27

Chlorophyll B

Question 28

The distance between crests of waves, such as those of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Answer 28

Wavelength

Question 29

The entire spectrum of electromagnetic radiation ranging in wavelength from less than a nanometer to more than a kilometer.

Answer 29

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Question 30

A photosynthetic pigment that participates directly in the light reactions, which convert solar energy to chemical energy.

Answer 30

Chlorophyll A

Question 31

That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that can be detected as various colors by the human eye, ranging in wavelength from about 380 nm to about 750 nm.

Answer 31

Visible Light

Question 32

A graph that profiles the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation in driving a particular process.

Answer 32

Action Spectrum

Question 33

A quantum, or discrete quantity, of light energy that behaves as if it were a particle.

Answer 33

Photons

Question 34

The range of a pigment’s ability to absorb various wavelengths of light; also a graph of such a range.

Answer 34

Absorption Spectrum

Question 35

An instrument that measures the proportions of light of different wavelengths absorbed and transmitted by a pigment solution.

Answer 35

Spectrophotometer