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Evolution > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

proposed a theory in which body parts arose independently from the ground describing organisms

A

Greek Philosopher Empedocles

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2
Q

argued that if individuals assembled from parts that were unable to function together, they would go extinct

A

Empedocles

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3
Q

wrote that if h had seen farther than others, it was only “ by standing on the shoulders of giants”

A

Isaac Newton

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4
Q

Phylogeny shows

A

systematics

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5
Q

Proposed that the sun and moon were physical objects

methodological naturalism

A

Anaximander

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6
Q

among the first to develop a philosophy of a natural world driven by physical laws to replace supernatural world driven by divine action
nature instead of divine whim

A

Anaximander

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7
Q

developed explanations based on natural instead of supernatural phenomenon

A

Anaximander

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8
Q

methodological naturalism

A

the strategy of trying to explain the world based solely on natural phenomenon
is the heart of evolutionary biology

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9
Q

recognized the significance of testing a hypothesis

A

Aristotle

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10
Q

Wrote , Natural History of Animals

A

Aristotle

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11
Q

said we must accept a general principle from logic only but must prove its application to each with facts, principles must agree with facts, if not we have to start over

A

Aristotle

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12
Q

said men had more teeth than wemon

A

Aristotle

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13
Q

noted plants occurred before animals

A

Empedocles

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14
Q

concluded that rocks in mountains must have been underwater

A

Xenophanes (570-470 BCE)

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15
Q

universe had been created -Oct. 23, 4004 BCE, preformed complex calculations based on old testament

A

• James Ussher (1581-1656)

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16
Q

– based on heat – 75,000 to 2-3 Million

A

• Georges-Louis Leclerc comte Buffon (1707-1788)

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17
Q

based on strata, erosion, etc. – inconceivably old

A

• James Hutton (1726-1797)–

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18
Q

Had a famous book, Principles of geology, being an attempt to explain the former changes of the earths surface, by reference to causes now in operation
UNIFORMATISM ex erosion from dirt puddles

A

Charles Lyell

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19
Q

whith his books, physics and natural history of animals the field of natural history was born

A

Aristotle

20
Q

spontaneous generation- the idea that complex life-forms arise, repeatedly from nonliving matter

ex/ frogs from mud bc frogs appeared after rain came

A

Aristotle

21
Q

fly, meat example

live can not come from non life

A

Fransico Redi

22
Q

March of Progress. Early Man. Time Life Books

A

Rudolph Zallinger in Howell, 1965

23
Q

– Chain of being
Each link fixed
Middle ages – link from inanimate organisms to angels.
Humans both physical and spiritual

A

Aristotle Idea

24
Q

Developed modern classification scheme
Believed species immutable
Documenting God’s plan

A

Linnaeus

25
Q

Wrote Book of Animals

A

Al-Jahiz

26
Q

“Animals engage in a struggle for existence; for resources, to avoid being eaten and to breed. Environmental factors influence organisms to develop new characteristics to ensure survival, thus transforming into new species. Animals that survive to breed can pass on their successful characteristics to offspring”

A

Al-Jahiz

27
Q

common morphological features are an expression of relationships

A

George-Louis Leclerq, Comte de Buffon

28
Q

struggle for existance

-darwin understood this

A

the notion that organisms are in a constant struggle to obtain resources and use them to produce more offspring than those around them

29
Q

wrote Zoonimia Temple of Nature (1803) - developed pattern of descent of modern organisms, perhaps anticipated IAC
Noted struggle for existence, but did not connect it to change

A

Erasmus Darwin

30
Q

each species originated from the inheritance of aquired characteristics

A

Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chavalier de Lamarck

31
Q

wrote zoological philosophy

A

Lamarck

32
Q

On Naval Timber and Arboriculture, 1831
In the notes, he proposed the “circumstance-adaptive law”
Nearly an identical description as Darwin of Natural Selection

A

Patrick Matthew

33
Q

Robert Chambers

A

Publishes vestiges anonymously

presented ideas of new species gradually arising from pre-existing ones

34
Q

Major Developments that Facilitated Darwin’s Book

A
  1. Methodological naturalism from supernatural
  2. Uniformatism from Catastrophism
  3. From logic and reason to observation, testing and refutation
  4. From an unchanging world to an evolving one
  5. To the idea of species descended from close relatives and not spontaneous generation
35
Q

2 themes of origin of species

A
  1. Descent with modification -
    All species (living and extinct) originated from one or a few original forms of life
    Species split from common ancestor and slowly gained differences
  2. Natural Selection - the causal agent
36
Q

” i am convinced that natural selection has been the most important, but not the exclusive means of modification “

A

darwin

37
Q

principles of population-humans would outstrip the available resources necessary to sustain themselves, leading to population growth that would be checked by famine, war, and disease.Writings were influential in helping Darwin develop his ideas on natural selection

A

Thomas Mathus

38
Q

transformational - the ensemble changes because each individual member changes.

A
  • Lamark
39
Q

variational process

A

the ensemble changes because something sorts among the variants in the original ensemble- Darwin
ex/ sifter, and artificial selection

40
Q

Darwin’s Five Theories of Evolution

A
  1. Lineages change over time - proposed before, but Darwin marshaled the evidence.
  2. Common descent - first to present idea that species shared common ancestors
  3. Gradualism - slow change (as opposed to rapid change or saltation)
  4. Populational change - proportions of individuals with certain traits change - new to Darwin
  5. Natural Selection - adaptations are features that appear “designed” to fit organisms to the environment.
41
Q

Microevolution

A
  • within species
42
Q

Macroevolution

A
  • origin of new species and higher taxa
43
Q

development indicates relationships

A

ontogeny

44
Q

–the genetic script reveals patterns found in all life

A

Genomics

45
Q

pioneered studies of genetic variation

A

•Sergei Chetverikov and Theodosius Dobzhansky -

46
Q

Genetics and the Origin of Species - conveyed ideas to other biologists

A

•Dobzhansky -

Evolution (15 decks)

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