Topic 11

Question 1

The earliest fossils (~3.5 BYO) are of what cells?

Answer 1

Cyanobacteria and Stromatolites

-not just physical structures, but also chemical ones

Question 2

What kind o fossils are there still today?

Answer 2

Cyanobacteria

Question 3

Most of these fossil genera are recognizable in early rocks

Answer 3

Stomatolite

Question 4

Are still alive today

Answer 4

Microfossils and Stromatolite

• Shark Bay, Australia
• Hot springs in yellowstone

Question 5

Wasn’t the only organism alive, was a population that gave rise to all life and represents a phylogenetic point

Answer 5

Last Universal Common ancestor (LUCA)

Question 6

we can not peer beyond it and see what life was like before it

Answer 6

phylogenetic end point ( event horizon)

Question 7

ability to adjust the internal environment to maintain a stable equilibrium

Answer 7

Homeostasis

Question 8

ability to maintain distinct part and the connections between them

Answer 8

Structural organization

Question 9

the control of chemical reactions

Answer 9

Metabolism

Question 10

producing life individuals

Answer 10

growth and reproduction

Question 11

response to environmental conditions and stimuli and has to be able to evolve by NS, at least this planet

Answer 11

-growth and reproduction

Question 12

-Stimulate the early atmosphere in a small scale in the lab
-Electricity and gasses (methane, hydrogen, ammonia, and water)
-Thought best to represent early atmosphere ~4 BYA
-Depending on starting gasses, numerous common amino acids formed
late the early atmosphere in a small scale in the lab

Answer 12

Miller-Urey Experiment
Problems with this
-Not much ribose (sugar) -produced – critically important
-And the amino acids weren’t linked together as in proteins

Question 13

present via previous experiments or came on meteors, existed in the prebiotic environment

Answer 13

Phosphate,purines, pyrimidines

-if they bound together a primitive RNA organisms could have formed.

Question 14

Early ‘80’s – Cecg and Altman independently
Enzymes need not be proteins
RNA can act as an enzyme
- Much less stable an efficient than proteins

Answer 14

Ribozymes

Question 15

allows for specialization, acts as the storage molecule

Answer 15

DNA

Question 16

acts as messenger and builds a protein

Answer 16

RNA

Question 17

a function of the concentration of the previous replicatior

Answer 17

Rate

Question 18

can form a membrane bound structure

Answer 18

fatty acids

Question 19

each cell is doing different things, stick them together and now they can do a variety of things

Answer 19

Horizonal gene transfer

Question 20

from retrotranposons, like some virases, code for reverse transcriptionase (RNA to DNA)

Answer 20

Progressive virus

Question 21

remnants of a bacteria cell- nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses

Answer 21

Regressive virus

Question 22

Remnants of the early RNA replicators

Answer 22

Virus-first virus

Question 23

said life is a set sustained chemical system capable of undergoing Darwinian evolution
-doesn’t take into account correct metabolism

Answer 23

NASAs definition of species

Question 24

to abstract, doesn’t discuss NS

Answer 24

Autupoitic