Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Evolution > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

A

MRSA ( methicillin resistant )

- it is a modified membrane protein that does not bind methicillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

MRSA

A

can have fitness costs to bacterial cell in absence of antibiotics because they are hard to eliminate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

messes up cellular machinery, not as good as wild type.

A

without methicilin (antibiotic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

several genes affecting a system

A

polygenic traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

so much variation that not all genotypes are expressed

A

latent variation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

could shift allele frequency

A

selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

can pull out new phenotypes without mutation

A

reassortment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Genes at 2 or more loci interact in nonadditive ways

A

Epistasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Effects of one depend on context set by other

A

Phenotypic effect of loci context dependent
ex/ beach mice
-then natural selection acts on the combination of genes that produce certain phenotypes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

if a favorable allele is liked to another

A

genetic hitchhiking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Even an unfavorable allele may increase in frequency

A

Genetic Linkage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Further apart genes will break this association faster

A

Genetic Linkage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Diversity in loci around selected locus less than neutral model

A

Genetic Linkage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Can work in reverse

A

Genetic Linkage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

deleterious alleles may take good one with them

A

background selection

-result of genetic linkage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

reduce variation

A

genetic linkage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Favorable gene arises in population & goes to fixation, takes everything with it

A

-selective sweep
-this happens in periodic selection
( process repeats )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

genes in a selective sweep can be added by

A

tansposons and plasmids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

resistant bacteria had more resistance to other antibiotics than sensitive strains

A

sufonamide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

if two beneficial mutations are in a population

A

no recombination

-one will be driven out via competition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

the slowing down of selection is known as

A

clonal interference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Pleiotropy – single gene with multiple effects on phenotype
Epistasis – a phenotypic trait is determined by complex interactions among multiple genes
Norms of reaction – a single genotype produces different phenotypes in different environments
Dominance – one allele masks the effect of another
Multiple pathways – a common phenotype may have different genetic bases.

A

adaptive landscapes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

idea behind adaptive landscape

A

phenotypic space ( mophospace)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

morphological values for characters

A

phenotypic space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Inflorescence length and leaf length

Can be more than 2 dimensions

A

Phenotypic space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

will lead a population up a adaptive landscape peak

Just not necessarily the best one

A

Natural selection

27
Q

can shift a population off a peak

- so small populations easier to adapt

A

Genetic drift

28
Q

a slow walk uphil

A

Natural selection

29
Q

Can teleport across adaptive landscapes- extreme chances like coat color

A

Natural selection

30
Q

” different alleles have different effects”

A

Wright

-genotype space

31
Q

Weather smooth or jagged depends on effects

A

Wright’s original Map

32
Q

usually some resistance gene R which has some fitness cost

And C compensatory mutations that negate that cost

A

Antibiotic resistance

33
Q

cant easily go back to rc from RC because of

A

circular genome

34
Q

what causes variation

A
  1. genes
  2. environment
  3. developmental noise
35
Q

random chance during development

A

developmental nose

36
Q

polygenic inheritance and epistasis

A

genes

37
Q

Phenotype equals

A

genetic effects plus environmental effects

P=G+E

38
Q

statistical measure of variation

A

variance

39
Q

more difference between individuals

A

larger variance

40
Q

humans prefer

A

monozygotic twins

41
Q

(genetic variance 0), all environmental

A

inbred lines

42
Q

Break Genetic Variation into

  • Dominance effects
  • Additive effects
  • Interaction effects
A

Narrow-sense Heritability

43
Q

sum of each genes component

A

additive effects

44
Q

epistasis

A

interaction effects

45
Q

Fraction of total variation due to additive genetic variation

A

Narrow-Sense Heritability

46
Q

effects the degree to which offspring resemble parent s

A

Narrow-Sense Heritability

47
Q

the slope of a linear regression between average phenotype of the two parents and the phenotype of the offspring

A

Narrow-Sense Heritability

48
Q

Tendency of birds to be restless at night when it is time to migrate

A

Migratory Restlessness

narrow sense heritability

49
Q

Often jump in the direction they want to go

A

Migratory Restlessness

50
Q

migratory behavior is

A

heritable- very strongly

51
Q

Difference between mean of successful individuals and all individuals

A

selection differential

52
Q

Difference between mean value of offspring and mean of parents

A

selection response

53
Q

allows prediction of selection

A

breeders equation

54
Q

Began in 1996

Except 3 yrs in WWII

A

Illinois Long-Term Selection Experiment: Corn

55
Q

Severe truncation experiment

Only top 20% and lowest 20% for oil content allowed to breed

A

Illinois Long-Term Selection Experiment: Corn

56
Q

declines with time
Some sources of variation are exhausted
Still above 0 after 100 yrs!

A

Heritability

57
Q

Far more variation revealed than in initial population (green)

A

Latent variation

58
Q

as selection drives a population in directions

A

new allele combinations form- Latent Variation

59
Q
  • This has the capability of a population with a mean value that is greater than the original extent of variation
  • Without any mutations taking place
A

Latent Variation

60
Q

Darwin started the Origin of Species with what?

A

artificial selection

61
Q

Shows the capabilities of natural populations

-Think Wolves to Dogs, Wild mustard to cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, kale, and Kohlrabi

A

Latent Variation

62
Q
  • Experiments on bristle number in Drosophila
  • Chose top 50 flies for bristle number and bred them
  • Increased beyond original range of variation
  • Different populations changed at different rates
  • !!But all reached a plateau
A

Latent Variation

63
Q
  • !!When selection was terminated, bristle number decreased,
  • Why didn’t it go higher?
  • The genes were correlated with recessive lethal alleles that were increasing along with bristle number
A

Genetic Hitchhikers

- Latent Variation

Evolution (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions