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Evolution > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

naming and classifying organisms

A

Taxonomy- humans have a desire to name things

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2
Q

evolutionary history

A

Phylogeny -

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3
Q
  • Aristotle’s concept of the scale of nature
  • Organisms were placed on this scale based on their proposed complexity
  • Held until Renaissance when we began to discover more species
  • Needed more complex system
A

Scala Naturae

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4
Q

Sentences or paragraphs (in Latin) that described an organism

A

polynomials , this eventually got cumbersome and turned into binomials

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5
Q

genus and species

A

binomail

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6
Q

Introduced in Species Plantarum (1753)

A

Carolous Linnaeus

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7
Q
  • Still largely used (although modified) today - Linnean Classification Scheme
  • Start from bottom - the species.
A

Carolous Linnaeus

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8
Q
  • primary type - name bearer
A

Holotype

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9
Q
  • primary type of opposite sex of holotype
A

•Allotype

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10
Q

secondary types, one will replace holotype if lost. Generally all specimens other than the holotype examined by the original author are paratypes unless otherwise specified.

A

•Paratype

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11
Q

a series of primary types when none has been designated as a holotype

A

Syntypes/cotypes

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12
Q

a specimen removed from a syntype series to be the equivalent of a holotype

A

Lectotype

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13
Q

the remaining syntypes after a lectotype has been designated

A

Paralectotype

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14
Q

primary type designated if primary type(s) lost

A

Neotype

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15
Q
  • a duplicate of the holotype in plants
A

Isotype

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16
Q

a specimen from the same locality as the primary type(s); not officially recognized

A

Topotype

17
Q
  • Groups of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups
A

Biological Species Concept (BSC)

18
Q

the smallest aggregation of (sexual) populations or (asexual) lineages diagnosable by a unique combination of character states.

A

Phylogenetic Species Concept (PSC), Wheeler and Platnick version

19
Q

an entity composed of organisms that maintains its identity from other such entities through time and over space and that has its own independent evolutionary fate and historical tendencies.

A

Evolutionary Species Concept (ESC)

20
Q

Get rid of ranks entirely and seeks to eventually get rid of the binomialSuggests that the movement of species between genera, genera among families, etc., sets up an unstable taxonomy.

A

phylocode

21
Q
  • Short sequences of rapidly diverging genes could be species specific
  • 5’region of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) - particularly promising tool for species identification
  • Eventually have gene chips • Put tissue on it and a machine will tell you specie
A

species barcode

22
Q

Evolutionary history

•Coined by Ernst Haeckel

A

phylogeny

23
Q

– a group consisting of all descendents of the group’s most recent common ancestor

A

Monophyletic

24
Q

graphical representation of a monophyletic group

A

Clade

25
Q

– taxon or taxa related to group of interest (reptiles)

A

• Outgroup

26
Q

three plus branches from node

A

polytomy

27
Q

only 2 branches per node

A

Dichotomous –

28
Q

-group consisting of the group’s most recent common ancestor, but not all descendents

A

Paraphyletic group

29
Q

-group consisting of two or more groups, but not the group’s most recent common ancestor nor all of its descendents

A

Polyphyletic group

30
Q

no branch lengths

A

Cladogram

31
Q

branch lengths indicating some sort of evolutionary change – sequence divergence

A

Phylogram

32
Q

Can relate to time scale when examining fossils or molecular clocks

A

Chronogram

33
Q

Correspondence in function or position between organs of dissimilar evolutionary origin or structure

A

Analogy

34
Q

Correspondence in evolutionary origin

A

Homology

35
Q

derived characteristic

A

Apomorphy -

36
Q
  • primitive characteristic
A

• Plesiomorphy

37
Q
  • shared derived characteristic
A

• Synapomorphy

38
Q
  • shared primitive characteristic
A

• Symplesiomorphy

39
Q

Assessing Homology- three requirements

A
  1. similarity
  2. conjuction
  3. congruence
    PATTERSON

Evolution (15 decks)

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