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Honors Biology > Chapter 2: Vocabulary > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

matter

A

anything that occupies space and has mass

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2
Q

element

A

a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical means. Scientists recognize 92 chemical elements occurring in nature

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3
Q

trace elements

A

an element that is essential for the survival of an organism but only in minute quantities

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4
Q

compound

A

a substance containing @ or more elements in a fixed ratio. For example, table salt (NaCl) consists of one atom of the element sodium (Na) for every atom of chlorine (Cl)

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5
Q

atom

A

the smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element

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6
Q

proton

A

A subatomic particle with a single positive electrical charge, found inside the nucleus of an atom

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7
Q

neutron

A

an electrically neutral particle (a particle having no electrical charge) found in the nucleus of an atom

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8
Q

electron

A

A subatomis particle with a single negative electrical charge. One or more electrons move around the nucleus of an atom

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9
Q

nucleus

A

(!) An atom’s central coe, containing protons and neutrons (2) The genetic control center of a eukaryotic cell.

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10
Q

atomic number

A

the number of protons in each atom of a particular element

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11
Q

atomic mass

A

the approximate total mass of an atom; also called atomic weight. Given as w whole number, the atomic mass approximately equals the mass number

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12
Q

mass number

A

the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom’s nucleus

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13
Q

isotipe

A

a variant form of an atom. isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

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14
Q

radioactive isotope

A

an isotope whose nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy

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15
Q

electron shell

A

an energy level representing the distance of an electron from the nucleus of the atom

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16
Q

chemical bond

A

an attraction between 2 atoms resulting from a sharing of outer-shell electrons or the prescence of opposite charges on the atoms/ The bonded atoms gain complete outer electron shells

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17
Q

ion

A

an atom or molecule that has gained or lost 1 or more electrons, thus acquiring an electrical charge

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18
Q

ionic bond

A

an attraction between two ions with opposite electrical charges. The electrical attraction of the opposite charges holds the ions together

19
Q

salt

A

a compound resulting from the formation of ionic bonds; also called an ionic compound

20
Q

molecule

A

a group of 2 or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

21
Q

double bond

A

a type of covalent bond in which 2 atoms share 2 pairs of electrons; symbolized by a pair of lines between the bonded atroms

22
Q

electronegativity

A

the tendency for an atom to pull electrons towards itselg

23
Q

plar covalent bond

A

an attraction between atoms that share electrons unequally because the atoms differ in electronegativity. the shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it partially negative and the other atom partially positive

24
Q

polar molecule

A

a molecule containing polar covalent bonds

25
Q

hydrogen bond

A

a type of weak chemical bond formed when the partially positive hydrogen atom participating in a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the partially negative atom participating in a polar covalent bond in another molecule ( or in another part of the same macromolecule)

26
Q

surface tension

A

a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid

27
Q

heat

A

thermal energy; the amount of energy associated with the movement of atoms and molecules in a body of matter. heat is energy in its most random fotrm

28
Q

temperature

A

a measure of the intensity of heat, reflecting the average kinetic energy or speed of molecules

29
Q

solution

A

a liquid consisting of a homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances, consisting of a dissolving agent, called the solvent, and a substance that is dissolved, called the solute

30
Q

solute

A

a substance that is dissolved in a solution

31
Q

solvent

A

the dissolving agent in a solution. water is the most versatile known solvent.

32
Q

aqueous solution

A

a solution in which water is the solvent

33
Q

acid

A

a substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution

34
Q

base

A

a substance that decreases the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration in a solution

35
Q

buffer

A

a chemical substance that resists changes in pH by accepting hydrogen ions forom or donating hydrogen ions to solutions

36
Q

pH scale

A

the measure of relative acidity of a solution, ranging in value from 0 (most acidic) to 14 (most basic). The letters pH stand for potential hydrogen and refer to the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+)

37
Q

acid precipitation

A

rain, snow, sleet, hail, drizzle and so on with a pH below 5.6. Acid precipitation can damage or destroy organisms by acidifying lakes, streams, and possibly land habitats

38
Q

chemical reaction

A

a process leading to changes in the composition of matter; involves the making and/or breaking of chemical bonds

39
Q

reactants

A

a skating material in a chemical reaction

40
Q

product

A

an ending material in a chemical reaction

41
Q

covalent bond

A

an attraction between atoms that share one or more pairs of outer shell electrons; symbolized by a single line between the atoms

42
Q

non polar covalent bond

A

an attraction between atonst that share one or more electrons equally because the atoms have similar electronegativity

43
Q

cohesion

A

tha attraction between molecules of the same kind

Honors Biology (20 decks)

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