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Honors Biology > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

name and describe each of the seven characteristics of life

A

reproduction- essential for continuation of species, it is making more of your own species. sexual: male + female asexual: binary fission (splitting)

order (cells)- living organisms must have the organization and presence of 1+ cells

homeostasis- regulation an organism’s internal environment needs top maintain it within lints that sustain life

evolution (as a species)- change through time. adapt for survival in changing world

metabolism- organisms take in energy and use it to perform all of life’s activities

growth & development- start off small and grow and increase thru cell division and developing to adulthood

response to stimuli- all organisms need to respond to a physical/chemical change in internal/external environment

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2
Q

name the three domains and the kingdoms of life that fall under each of them

A

bacteria ~ eubacteria
archaea~ archaebacteria
eukarya~ animalia, plantae, protista, fungi

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3
Q

why can you add multitudes of paperclips to a full beaker of water before actually spilling any

A

water is polar so partially positive hydrogens are attracted to partially negative oxygen; water coheres to itself and adheres to the glass. water also has high surface tension (hard to break its surface) Note: the attraction between the partial charges in the molecules includes hydrogens so this attractive force of water molecules to each other is called hydrogen bonding

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4
Q

differentiate between ionic and covalent bonding

A

ionic bonds result from one atom donating an electron to another (the one that loses the electron will be positively charged and the one that gains it negatively charged- electrons have negative charge), whereas covalent bonds are when atoms share electrons (happens when atoms have same or similar electronegativities) atoms try to fulfill octet rule and have stable outer electron shells

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5
Q

go study the function groups right now, girl!

A

rate how well you think you did on them (be honest!!!)

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6
Q

why are the functional groups important

A

because they give a function to the molecule they are in (ex: polarity, reactivity, & variety of chemical properties

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7
Q

explain in full detail how enzymes work and what they do

A

enzymes speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy.they themselves don’t change during the reaction and can be used again. substrates, or reactants, first bind to the enzyme’s active site to be catalyzed.

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8
Q

what does it mean if an enzyme becomes denatured? how could that happen?

A

if the active site’s specialized shape changes, due to perhaps extreme pH, temperature, or salinity, then the enzyme is said to be denatured and it is no longer usable (permanently ruined)

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9
Q

what are enzyme inhibitors? how do they work?

A

inhibit enzyme from being able to perform its job. competitive inhibitor involves an inhibitor that competes for the active site; noncompetitive inhibitors bond to the enzyme at a location other than the active site, but this causes the active site’s shape to be changed

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10
Q

what are the four main classes of organic compounds

A

carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids

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11
Q

what atoms comprise carbohydrates?

A

C, H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio

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12
Q

what are the building blocks of carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides

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13
Q

what are foods that contain carbohydrates

A

whole grain bread (cereal)
starchy vegetables
some vegetables and many fruits
legumes

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14
Q

what are specific examples of carbohydrates

A 
fructose- sweet in fruits
glucose- main sugar in life's energy
sucrose- table sugar
maltose- sugar in beer
lactose- in milk
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15
Q

what are carbohydrates functions in the body

A

it is the primary food source for body

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16
Q

what are the atoms comprising lipids

A

C,H,O

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17
Q

what are the building blocks of lipids

A

triglycerides- 3 fatty acids 1 glycerol
phospholipids- 2 fatty acids 1 glycerol and a phosphate group
waxes- 1 fatty acid linked to an alcohol
steroids- 4 fused carbon rings

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18
Q

what are foods that contain lipids

A

lard, fish oil, butter, vegetable oils, fish, pumpkin seed, walnut, cheese, cream

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19
Q

what are specific examples of lipids

A

steric acid (faty acid), wax that coats apples, steroid male hormone testosterone

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20
Q

what are lipids function in the body

A

store energy, insulate body, and protect organs

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21
Q

what are the atoms comprising proteins

A

C,H,N,O

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22
Q

what are the building blocks of proteins

A

amino acids

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23
Q

what are food s that contain proteins

A

fish, poultry, meat, eggs, cheese, milk, beans, rice, grains

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24
Q

what are specific examples of protein

A

keratin in our nails and hair
collagen in our skin, tendons, ligaments
hemogolbin transports oxygen in blood

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25
Q

what are proteins functions in the body

A

many are enzymes, rebuilds, and main component of our muscle

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26
Q

go study what building blocks look like

A

honest rate!!!! of how you did!!!

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27
Q

hydrolysis vs dehydration

A

hydrolysis is when polymers are broken down into monomers with enzymes and water added, whereas in dehydration monomers are put together to made polymers with enzymes and water removed

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28
Q

which part of this membrane typically is what prevents certain things from passing through it

A

the non polar tails made up of fatty acids

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29
Q

what is the function of the nucleus

A

control region of cells that are eukaryotic, holds the DNA which directs protein synthesis

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30
Q

what is the function of the ROUGH ER

A

has ribosomes embedded in it, helps with transport of proteins that are made by attached ribosomes

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31
Q

what is the function of the smooth ER

A

ER without ribosomes attached, helps break down toxins, makes lipids, helps with muscle contraction by leaking calcium ions

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32
Q

what is the function of the mitochondria

A

powerhouse of cell, where cellular respiration takes place to make ATP energy for cells

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33
Q

what is the function of the golgi apparatus

A

helps with modification and packaging for distribution of proteins

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34
Q

what is the function of the chloroplasts

A

contains green pigment chlorophyll, where photosynthesis takes place in plant cells

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35
Q

what is the function of vacuoles

A

store things; for instance plants have central vacuole for storing water, nutrients, toxins

36
Q

what are the functions of lysosomes

A

spherical organelle surrounded by membrane, contains digestive enzymes to break down waste in cell

37
Q

differentiate between plant and animal cells

A

plant- have central vacuole, cell wall, and chloroplasts while animal cells don’t; however they are both eukaryotic and both contain all of the other organelles except those three listed as unique to plant cells

38
Q

differentiate between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

A

eukaryotic cells are generally larger and more complex and have true nucleus and membrane bound organelles prokaryotes are generally smaller and less complex and store DNA in nucleoid region, have no membrane bound organelles

39
Q

go practice labeling animal/plant cell

A

k

40
Q

go practice labeling microscope

A

gurl i hope u did that >:((((

41
Q

explain how to determine total power of magnification when using compound light microscope

A

take ocular lens magnification amount (10x) and multiply by objective lens magnification (ex: 40x)

42
Q

why are cells usually small

A

they are limited by their surface area to volume ratio. if there isn’t enough surface area relative to their volume,, they would be inefficient, unable to get in nutrients and remove waste at the rate they need to (small cells are efficient)

43
Q

d, o, a requires energy?

A

active transport

44
Q

d, o, a no energy required

A

diffusion & osmosis

45
Q

d, o, a molecules move from lesser to greater concentration

A

diffusion & osmosis

46
Q

d, o, a movement of H2O from greater to lesser concentration

A

osmosis

47
Q

d, o, a molecules move down/along concentration gradient

A

diffusion, osmosis

48
Q

in our iodine/ starch baggie lab, why did iodine move into the bag but starch did not move out?

A

iodine molecules are smaller than bag’s pores so it could move in, starch molecules are larger than the bag’s pores so they couldn’t get through to leave note: both wanted to move from high to low but here size determined if that could occur

49
Q

why was baggie good rep of cell membrane?

A

its semi permeable

50
Q

hypertonic

A

shrivelling

51
Q

isotonic

A

equilibrium

52
Q

hypotonic

A

cytolysis

53
Q

differentiate between phosphorylation and dephosphorylation (endergonic + exergonic)

A

phosphorylation- the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a molecule. This is an endergonic reaction. endergonic is receiving energy, in this case in the form of a phosphate group (to be phosphorylated is to gain a phosphate group)

dephosphorylation- the removal of a phosphate group from an organic compound through hydrolysis. this is an exergonic reaction. exergonic is when energy is released, in this case in the form of a phosphate group

54
Q

differentiate between oxidation and reduction reactions and give an example

A

oxidation is the loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction ex: NADH & H+ ——> NAD+
reduction is the gain of electrons by a substance involved in a redox reaction ex: NAD+ ——> NADH & H+

55
Q

differentiate between consumers and producers and provide another name

A

consumers- get energy by eating. also called heterotrophs. Includes carnivores (feed on other animals) herbivores (that feed on plants) omnivores (that feed on plants & animals) and decomposers (that break down organic waste in ecosystems)
producers are also called autotrophs or photosynthetic organism. they make their own food from CO2 and H2O

56
Q

what is the cellular respiration equation

A

C6H12)6 + 6O2 ——> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

57
Q

what organisms utilize cell. respiration

A

heterotrophs + autotrophs

58
Q

in what organelle does cell. respiration occur? photosynthesis?

A
  1. mitochondria 2. chloroplasts
59
Q

is cell. respiration endergonic/exergonic? wh?

A

exergonic because energy exits (ATP is produced)

60
Q

what is over arrow in cell. reap. and in photosynthesis?

A
  1. enzymes 2. photons
61
Q

is photosynthesis endergonic/exergonic?

A

endergonic because it needs energy to happen

62
Q

aerobic, anaerobic for all cr?

A

glycolysis- anaerobic
chemical grooming- “aerobic”
krebs cycle- “aerobic”
oxidative phosphorylation- aerobic

63
Q

main reactants for each stage cr?

A

glycolysis- glucose, which is 6C compound
chemical grooming- 2 pyretic acids (3C each)
krebs cycle- 2 acetyl CoA (combined w/ oxaloacetic acid make citric acid, coenzyme A is released)
oxidative phosphorylation- 10 NADH 2 FADH2

64
Q

main products of stages of cr?

A

glycolysis- two 3C pyretic acid molecules (plus 2 NADH, 2 ATP, 2 H2O)
chemical grooming- 2-C acetic acids (two of them) which are attached to coenzyme A to form two acetyl coA (plus 2 CO2 and 2 NADH
krebs cycle- 4 CO2 (2 per turn) (plus 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP, per both spins together)
oxidative phosphorylation- 34 ATP (and H2O)

65
Q

where does glycolysis take place?

A

cytoplasmic fluid

66
Q

where dies chemical grooming take place

A

in mitochondrial matrix

67
Q

where does oxidative phosphorylation take place

A

in inner mitochondrial membrane

68
Q

what are lactic acid fermentation reactants and products

A

reactants- 2 pyretic acids from glycolysis

products- 2 lactic acids (lactates) and 2 NAD+

69
Q

what are alcohol fermentation reactants and products

A

reactants- 2 pyretic acid from glycolysis

products- 2 ethanol (alcohol) 2 CO2

70
Q

summarize basics of light reactions

A

uses light to excite electrons into tow photosystems exciting e- specifically in chlorophyll P680 and P700. excited electron in each photosystem is caught by a primary electron acceptor and sent down electron transport chain. the first ETC is used to pump H+ to create a concentration/electrical gradient so diffusing H+’s can go through ATP synthase and allow ATP to be made; second ETC is used to reduce NADP+ into NADPH

71
Q

summarize calvin cycle

A

three carbon dioxide molecules and 3 RuBP are turned into 6-PGA with help of enzyme rubisco, these are turned into 6 G3_, one of which is set aside to eventually make glucose (2 spins of cycle) other 5 are turned back into 3 RuBP so cycle can repeat.

72
Q

where does lr take place?

A

thylakoid membrane

73
Q

where does calv. cyc. take place

A

stroma

74
Q

what is main purpose of light reactions

A

to make ATP and NADH, uses light. consumes H2O and releases O2, water is split and oxygen released so electrons from water can replenish those lost by P680

75
Q

what is main purpose of calf. cycle

A

uses ATP and NADPH to make sugar, consumes CO2 releases glucose

76
Q

describ domain bacteria

A

single celled organisms that lack a nucleus. have thick walls. some live in soil, some make food by photosynthesis. some are parasites that cause deadly diseases.

77
Q

describe domain archaea

A

single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus. they have unusual cell membranes, and live in some of most extreme environments on Earth. some live in hot springs, others live in very salty water, still others live in places that have no oxygen

78
Q

describedomain eukarta

A

organisms that contain nucleus

79
Q

tips for scientific method

A

experimental group- receives treatment
control group-receives placebo or nothing
dependent variable- think “d” for data: what data will you collect to determine your results
independent variable- whether or not treatment is given, or the overall design of your experiment by separating into groups

80
Q

why are cells small

A

they need high enough surface areea to volume ratio for efficient gas exchange, nutrient uptake, ease removal, etc. large cells would not have enough surface area relative to volume increased surface area= easier to get things in and out of cell

81
Q

enzyme vs catalyst

A

enzyme is a biological catalyst. anything that speeds a reactions rate by lowering activation energy is “catalyst” is it is within living organism, its enzyme

82
Q

water and polarity

A

water is polar because it has hydrogen atoms (2) which are not very electronegative, but an oxygen atom that is very electronegative. this causes unequal distribution of charge with partially charged ends of water molecules. “likes dissolve likes” meaning only polar molecules can dissolve in polar water. something that is non polar like oil will not dissolve in something that is polar like water. therefore hydrophilic must be polar and hydrophobic must be nonpola. since water has slightly positive (hydrogen) and negative (oxygen) ends, the partial charges of oppositee water molecules causes them to stick together AKA hydrogen bonding that results in cohesion between water molecuels

83
Q

solutions

A

the solute is dissolved in solvent

84
Q

pH scale

A

is logarithmic, difference between 2 numbers is actually a unit of 10. acids are below 7, 7 is neutral, and bases are above 7. bases have more hydroxide ions (OH-) than hydronium ins (H3O+) and vice versa for acids

85
Q

structures oif rpoteins vs lipids vs carbohydrates

A

protein: many amino acids that have amino group and carboxyl group
lipid: many contain fatty acid which is long hydrocarbon chain with carboxyl at end
carbohydrates: carbon ring structures, made up of monosaccharides w/ 1:2:1 of cHP

Honors Biology (20 decks)

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