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Final Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

how many cells are formed mitosis vs meiosis

A

mitosis- 2 new cells are formed

meiosis- 4 new cells are formed

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2
Q

what kind of cell (hap/dip) is formed mitosis vs meiosis

A

mitosis- diploid

meiosis- haploid

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3
Q

does replication of chromosomes happen in meiosis or mitosis?

A

both

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4
Q

are tetrads formed in meiosis or mitosis

A

meiosis

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5
Q

what kind of cell (funct) is formed mitosis vs meiosis

A

mitosis- body/somatic cells

meiosis-sex cells/gametes

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6
Q

are identical copies of parent cells made in meiosis or mitosis

A

mitosis

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7
Q

how many times do original cells divide meiosis vs mitosis

A

mitosis- once

meiosis- twice

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8
Q

does chromosomes moving to cell equators happen in meiosis or mitosis

A

both

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9
Q

does crossing over take place in meiosis or mitosis

A

meiosis

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10
Q

name the stages of mitosis

A

prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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11
Q

name the stages of meiosis

A

prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I with cyokinesis I,prophaese II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II (with cytokinesis II)

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12
Q

duplication

A

when there is extra of a gene on a chromosome

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13
Q

deletion

A

when a gene on a chromosome is missing

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14
Q

inversion

A

when a gene sequence on a chromosome is flipped

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15
Q

translocation

A

when chromosomes switch parts

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16
Q

what kind of mutation causes a gamete to be (n+1) or (n-1)

A

nondisjunction

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17
Q

what is PCR used for

A

to make 100 billion identical copies of a SNA sequence within a few hours (helps diagnose diseases, identify bacteria and viruses, match criminals to crime scenes, even wjen a very small DNA sample was found at the scene

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18
Q

what is gel electrophoresis used for

A

to sort and measure DNA strands, especially good to match up individuals at crime scenes, for paternal tests, etc. (DNA is negatively charged so it moves toward the positively charged end of the gel, with shortest strands moving the farthest)

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19
Q

describe the goal of gene therapy

A

to put a corrected copy of a gene in a person (usually delivered through a vector) to replace a flawed one, in other words, to fix genetic problems at their source

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20
Q

end product of artificial embryo twinning

A

identical twins. the two babies are clones of each other

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21
Q

end product of somatic cell nuclear transfer

A

in somatic cell nuclear transfer, the baby that is born is a clone of a living person (the somatic cell donor)

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22
Q

what are vortexes used for

A

to mix samples in the lab

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23
Q

what are centrifuges used for

A

to “spin down” samples and separate out contents (most dense on bottom, least dense on top)

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24
Q

DNA structure

A

made up of nucleotide building blocks which are composed of a sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group. the shape of DNA is a double helix.

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25
Q

gene

A

basic unit of heredity. genes are on chromosomes

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26
Q

shape DNA vs RNA

A

DNA- double helix

RNA- single stranded

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27
Q

sugar DNA vs RNA

A

DNA- deoxyribose

RNA- ribose

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28
Q

base pair rules DNA vs RNA

A

DNA- A&T, C&G

RNA- A&U, C&G

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29
Q

key function of DNA

A

holds all genetic material, or code (“secret of”) of lifel the code is universal

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30
Q

key function of RNA

A

tRNa, rRNA, mRNA, help with making proteins

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31
Q

the steps of transcription

A
  1. ) RNA polymerase binds to a promoter; DNA unwinds [initiation]
  2. ) one side of DNA is used as a template & RNA polymerase adds free nucleotides (using complementary base rules for RNA) [elongation]
  3. ) RNA polymerase reads terminator; new RNA is released [termination]
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32
Q

the steps of translation

A
  1. ) codon on mRNA molecule attaches to a ribosome
  2. ) tRNA molecules carrying specific amino acids, approach the ribosome
  3. ) tRNA anticodon attaches to mRNA codon
  4. ) ribosome slides to the next codon on the mRNA molecule and repeats the process
  5. ) as amino acids are added to each other, peptide bonds link the amino acids together
  6. ) chain of amino acids continues to grow until ribosome reaches a stop codon on the mRNA strand. this signals tat no more amino acids should be added and protein is complete
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33
Q

P and A sites on ribosomes

A

P site (left) holds the growing chain of amino acids, A site (right) is where next amino acid is brought in

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34
Q

what is the difference between a codon and an anticodon

A

both consist of a set of three bases (“triplets”) but a codon is on mRNa and an anticodon is on tRNA (the anticodons correlate with the codons so each tRNA will bring in the correct amino acid)

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35
Q

name the main evidences for evolution

A

molecular biology, comparative embryology, fossils, biogeography, comparative anatomy

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36
Q

molecular biology

A

evidence for evolution. comparing DNA, RNA, amino acids in proteins in different organisms (more similarities means probably more closely related)

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37
Q

comparative embryology

A

evidence fr evolution. seeing how organisms develop and comparing these early life stages to help determine relatedness

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38
Q

fossils

A

evidence for evolution. use superposition, relative age and absolute age to determine historical fossil sequence in strata. good for hard parts of animals, rich in minerals, though soft parts and soft organisms rarely fossilize.

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39
Q

biogeography

A

evidence for evolution. studying distribution of animals around the world, ex: finding closely related organisms adapted to different environments in nearby regions, seemingly unrelated organisms may have similar adaptations to similar environments in regions that are far apart (think pangea for this one)

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40
Q

comparative anatomy

A

evidence for evolution. study homologous, analogous, and vestigial structures and transitional species to determine ancestry and relatedness

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41
Q

name the process of descent with modification using the points of natural selection

A

1.) overproduction 2.) genetic variation 3.) struggle to survive 4.) differential reproduction

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42
Q

overproduction

A

more offspring are produced than can survive in the environment (ex: more baby lions are always born than would ever survive past age one)

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43
Q

genetic variation

A

individuals have different traits because they receive different alleles from their parents, some traits are better than others and provide a favorable adaptation, while others don’t receive beneficial traits

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44
Q

struggle to survive

A

organisms compete for the limited resources; those who outcompete others generally are those with the best adaptations while the others die out

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45
Q

differential reproduction

A

those with the more successful adaptations survive longer and reproduce more. over time, the favorable traits become the most frequent alleles in the population, as the other alleles die out (assuming natural selection is still working, by chance, in favor of these same “favorable traits”)

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46
Q

homologous structure

A

is derived from a common ancestor, is structurally similar/same to common ancestor, but is used in different way (different function) ex: forelimbs of humans, bats, cats, and whales

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47
Q

analogous structure

A

is not derived from a common ancestor, is not structurally similar, but are used in the same/similar way (same function) ex: wings of birds, bees, bats

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48
Q

vestigial structure

A

is derived from a common ancestor, is structurally similar/same to common ancestor, but is not useful to the current organism ex: small hind leg and foot bones in whales

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49
Q

hierarchy of life from most broad to most specific

A

life, domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

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50
Q

what does it mean to be fit in the theory of evolution

A

ability to survive long enough to produce fertile offspring (your offspring must also be able to have viable offspring of their own)

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51
Q

define and describe genetic drift

A

genetic drift is a change in the gene pool of a population due to chance and it’s especially impactful in smaller populations such as populations that have undergone a bottleneck effect or a founder effect

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52
Q

bottleneck effect

A

an event such as an earthquake or flood that drastically reduces population size

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53
Q

founder effect

A

colonization of a new location by a small number of individuals

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54
Q

stabilizing selection

A

average form of a trait is slected for (and it’s the most common) while either extremes are selected against
the graph is low on either side and goes high in the middle

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55
Q

disruptive selection

A 
both of the extreme forms of the trait are selected for, while the average is selected against
double humps (hump, then dip down, then hump)
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56
Q

directional selection

A

one of the extreme forms of a trait is selected for while the other extreme form and the average is selected against.
the graph just looks like the regular bell curve has been shifted to one side

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57
Q

allopatric speciation

A

a speciation event that results after a geographic isolation (ex: canyon, river, etc. forms separating the population into different species over thousands perhaps the two populations can no longer interbreed- 2 different species)

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58
Q

sympatric speciation

A

a speciation event that results after reproductive isolation (ex: maybe they live in the sam area but have different niches & only breed with those of the same niches over time they maybe can’t breed together any more

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59
Q

define and describe adaptive radiation

A

the evolution of many new species from a common ancestor introduced to a new and diverse environment

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60
Q

example of adaptive radiation

A

14 finch species in the galapagos islands likely evolved from a single small population of ancestral birds that colonized one of the islands

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61
Q

commensalism

A

one organism benefits, the other neither is helped nor harmed

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62
Q

mutualism

A

both organisms mutually benefit

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63
Q

parasitism

A

one organism benefits (the parasite) while the other is harmed (the host)

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64
Q

list the ecological hierarchy from biggest to smallest

A

biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism

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65
Q

biosphere

A

the thin layer of Earth where life exists

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66
Q

ecosystem

A

biotic (living) and abiotic (nonliving) components in an area and their interactions

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67
Q

community

A

only the living organisms in an area

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68
Q

population

A

all members of a single species living at the same place and time

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69
Q

organism

A

a single individual member of the species

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70
Q

density-dependent limiting factors

A

affect the population dependent on how dense the population is. ex: dense populations can much more easily transfer communicable disease through the population faster, predators do better when more prey is available but once they strain the prey population and thin out their density the prey goes down in number, also causing the predator to do poorly.. as predators do poorly then prey starts doing better, but then in return predators start doing better, etc. (their success directly depends on the other organisms’ success

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71
Q

density-independent limiting factors

A

impact dense and not very dense populations the same proportionally. for instance, hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, or maybe even global warming.

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72
Q

how overpopulation affects world

A

global warming:more people= more burning of fossil fuels = more greenhouse gases.

global: also affects health and sanitation worldwide with more waste produced and greater food supply needed

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73
Q

how deforestation affects world

A

global warming: less forests = less vegetation to remove CO2 from air = higher quantities of greenhouse gases

global: hurts land fertility, causes erosion, affects oxygen levels

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74
Q

some effects of global warming

A

sea levels rise from melting glaciers and ice caps, weather patterns will change, diseases will spread, crops won’t grow in their normal locations affecting food supply, changing climates also means more migration, more extinction, etc. its effects are massive and global

75
Q

how ozone depletion affects world

A

as more UV radiation also affects food supply/ crops get damaged, and can affect human health (skin cancer)

76
Q

how is it thought that global warming is taking place

A

humans burn too many fossil fuels and as a result release too much CO2, a greenhouse gas. therefore when the natural greenhouse effect takes place, the greenhouse gases are in higher concentration so even greater amounts of hear are trapped and radiated back down to earth, warming it (too much)

77
Q

the greenhouse effect

A

sin shines down, heats earth, heat escapes to space while some gets trapped in greenhouse gases and is radiated back down to Earth, warming it

78
Q

how is it thought that the hole in the ozone happened

A

humans made products that release ozone-depleting chemicals. for example, CFCS were commonly used in air conditioners, refrigerators, hair spray cans, etc. and when released into the air, the CFCs go up into the atmosphere, when light strikes, bringing UV radiation, a CFC molecules i broken and a chlorine molecule released. the chlorine then attaches to an ozone (O2) molecule, breaking it into chlorine monoxide and O2. then when an atom of oxygen attaches to clo, the p is released as O2, leaving the Cl left to do it all over again

79
Q

what does a graph of population growing exponentially look like

A

j-shaped graph

80
Q

what does the graph of a logistic growth model look like

A

it looks like a stretched out j that continues in a straight line when population hits carrying capacity

81
Q

which graph is representative of the current human population

A

currently, human population is growing exponentially (esp. bc we used to be hunters/gatherers), then we learned to grow crops and raise animals in the agricultural revolution, followed by 1800s industrial revolution, and there increased lifespan (lower death rates but still high birth rates)

82
Q

demographic transition

A

a model that many developed countries follow. it is like a logistic growth model that instead of hitting carrying capacity, the population is stabilizing (low growth) based on choice– choosing to have less children. developing countries don’t have access to contraception, birth control, good health/sanitation/medicine so many are still growing exponentially

83
Q

the cell cycle

A

involves growth, replication, and division of a eukaryotic cell

84
Q

two main phases of cell cycle

A

interphase and M phase

85
Q

interphase

A

stage where most of cell’s life is spent. during interphase, a cell’s chromosomes are duplicated, but no cell division is occuring

86
Q

M phase

A

includes mitosis and cytokinesis. the end result is two cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell

87
Q

during mitosis

A

the nucleus of a cell divides into two daughter nuclei that each contain the same number of chromosomes as the parent nucleus

88
Q

cytokinesis

A

the two nuclei formed during mitosis are separated into two identical daughter cells during this

89
Q

meiosis

A

not directly involved in the cell cycle. a process where the cell undergoes two successive nuclear divisions. produces haploid daughter cells with half the species’ usual number of chromosomes. the result is gametes which aid the organism in sexual reproduction

90
Q

how is cell division triggered

A

as cells become too large to efficiently import nutrients and export wastes across their cell membrane. this occurs because as a cell grows larger, its volume grows more rapidly than its surface area

91
Q

what stops cell growth (dividing over and over)

A

as cells grow, they fill whatever medium they are in. once the cells have spread so much that two cells contact each other, they can signal each other to stop dividing through process called inhibition

92
Q

prophase I

A

homologous chromosomes pair and become tetrads (2 chromosomes or 4 chromatids). crossing over between homologous chromosomes occurs at this stage

93
Q

metaphase I

A

after crossing over occurs, homologous chromosomes line-up along the equator

94
Q

anaphase I

A

whole chromosomes separate from the tetrad formation and move to opposite sides of the cell. each chromosome still has two sister chromatids

95
Q

telophase I

A

nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes. each cell now has one set of chromosomes and is haploid (n)

96
Q

prophase II

A

sister chromatids become short and thick

97
Q

metaphase II

A

the chromosomes migrate to the center of the nucleus and line-up along the equator

98
Q

anaphase II

A

sister chromatids are pulled apart by microtubules to opposite poles

99
Q

telophase II

A

a nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes and meiosis II is complete

100
Q

cytokinesis of meiosis

A

cells divide to create 4 haploid cells

101
Q

genetic variation

A

during meiosis, crossing over can occur during prophase I when two chromosome pair up and exchange parts of their DNA. this provides genetic diversity. genetic variation can also occur when alleles are randomly sorted during meiosis, since each offspring receives a different combo of alleles from parents, phenotypic diversity occurs. errors or mutations can also result in genetic variaiton

102
Q

organization of genetic material from smallest to biggest

A

gene —> DNA molecule —-> chromosome —-> genome

gene is one piece of DNA molecule, DNA molecule is packaged and carried by chromosome, genome is organism’s complete genetic makeup and includes the organism’s entire set of chromosomes

103
Q

how many chromosomes do humans have

A

46, 23 from mom and 23 from dad

104
Q

homologous pair

A

in cells of sexually reproducing organism, a pair of similar chromosomes with same gene in the same location is known as homologous pair. every norman human body cell contains 22 homologous pairs of autosomal chromosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes

105
Q

DNA replication

A
  1. )two original strands of DNA are separated with help of enzymes known as DNA helicases. they break hydrogen bonds holding nucleotide bases together.
  2. ) DNa polymerases add complementary nucleotides to each strand.
  3. ) 2 DNA molecule identical to original DNA molecules form. each consists of two strands of DNA, one from parent, and one built using parent molecule as template
106
Q

where does process of transcription occur

A

in nucleus of cell, but mRNA that is created travels into cytoplasm once it is made

107
Q

where does process of translation occur

A

mRNA is delivered to ribosome in cytoplasm, where translation takes place

108
Q

endoplasmic reticulum and protein synthesis

A

aids in transporting proteins out of cell or to other organelles within the cell. some proteins are synthesized by ribosomes found on rough ER. these proteins are destined for other organelles or to be secreted by cell. the ER also plays part in folding and modifying some proteins

109
Q

golgi apparatus and protein synthesis

A

golgi is responsible for sorting, modifying and packaging proteins. plays important role in sorting and tagging proteins which aid in their transportation to the correct location

110
Q

law of dominance

A

when an organism has two or more alleles for a trait, the allele that is expressed over the other allele is dominant. the others are considered recessive.

111
Q

law of segregation

A

different alleles for same trait separate when gametes are formed (ex: mother with Bb could wither pass B or b onto offspring)

112
Q

law of independent assortment

A

when pairs of alleles separate, they do so independently of each other. thus, allels for hair color and alleles for eye color in humans are not inherited together

113
Q

incomplete dominance

A

when neither allele is completely dominant over the other there is a blending of traits

114
Q

codominance

A

when two alleles are equally dominant, and alleles are expressed simultaneously resulting in organisms with a mixed pattern

115
Q

polygenic inheritance

A

when particular phenotype may be determined by more than one gene

116
Q

nondisjunction

A

occurs when chromosomes do not separate correctly during cell division. the resulting daughter cells will either be missing o have an extra copies of chromosomes.

117
Q

point mutation

A

a mutation in a single base pair in a strand of DNA

118
Q

silent mutation

A

specific type of point mutation where the mutation has no effect on the polypeptide sequence

119
Q

nonsense mutaion

A

changes one amino acid codon into a stop codon. causes normal polypeptide sequence to be shorter

120
Q

frameshift mutation

A

a mutation that causes the reading frame of a codon sequence to be shifted. any insertion or deletion of nucleotide base pairs that are not in multiples of three will cause a frame shift mutation

121
Q

chromosome translocation

A

caused when material is exchanged between two chromosomes or part of one chromosome becomes fused onto another chromosome

122
Q

selective breeding

A

when certain crops or animals are chosen to breed based off of desirable traits

123
Q

recombinant DNA technology

A

how genetic engineering can be done. using this, different enzymes can be used to cut, copy, and move segments of SNa. characteristics produced by the segments of SNA can then be expressed when these segments are inserted into new organisms

124
Q

aerobic

A

living in presence of gaseous oxygen

125
Q

anaerobic

A

living in the absence of gaseous oxygen

126
Q

endosymbiosis theory

A

describes evolution of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic organisms. theory proposes that certain eukaryotic organelles developed from prokaryotic cells engulfed by a host cell. engulfed cells developed mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship with each othe and the host cells

127
Q

endosymbiosis evidence

A

chloroplasts and mitochondria have double membranes, have own circular DNA, are similar in size to bacteria, have ribosomes similar to those in bacteria

128
Q

diversity

A

either the number of different characteristics present in a population or the number os different species in an area. natural selection resulted in it. on the species level, diversity allows species to survive in changing environment. on community level, a community with biodiversity will not be seriously affected by the extinction of 1 or 2 species. humans affect diversity through selective breeding and genetic engineering

129
Q

gene flow

A

the transfer of genetic information from one breeding population to another. can be an important source of genetic variation when unique genetic information from one population is introduced into a different population

130
Q

biome

A

geographic region that has a distinct climate

131
Q

biotic factors

A

include living organisms and factors from formerly living organisms

132
Q

abiotic factors

A

include any nonliving geological, geographical and climatological factors

133
Q

trophic level

A

describes the feeding level of an organism. producer, decomposer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumer, quaternary consumer

134
Q

producers

A

organisms that are able to synthesize food molecules from inorganic compounds, usually through photosynthesis. green plants, algae and some kinds of bacteria and protists are producers

135
Q

consumers

A

organisms that get energy by feeding on producers or other concumers

136
Q

primary consumers

A

animals that ear producers. are also called herbivores because they ear only plants

137
Q

secondary consumers

A

organisms that eat primary consumers. can be carnivores if they eat only animals. or, they can be omnivores if they eat both animals and plants

138
Q

tertiary consumers

A

eat secondary consumers and may be carnivores or omnivores

139
Q

decomposers

A

organisms that consume dead organisms. as they break down dead organic matter, they release nutrients back into the soil, water, and atmosphere

140
Q

role decomposers play in ecosystem

A

important for carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and oxygen cycles. nutrients they release are also used by producers to make complex organic molecules

141
Q

food chain

A

describes the feeding relationships and energy flow between species within an ecosystem

142
Q

arrows on food chain

A

represent the direction of energy flow. arrow points from organism being consumed to the organism that is receiving energy

143
Q

food web

A

group of interconnected food chains where organisms can belong to more than one trophic level

144
Q

energy pyramid

A

diagram that shows the relative amounts of energy located within each trophic level.

145
Q

where is most of energy in ecosystem

A

with plants and other producers. this is bc most of the energy in an energy pyramid is used or lost as heat energy as it moves up the pyramid

146
Q

predation

A

type of relationship in which a predator hunts, kills, and eats its prey.

147
Q

competition

A

since there are limited amounts of resources in an ecosystem, if one organism gets a particular resource, another does not. this leads to competition as two organisms try to access the same resources.

148
Q

population size

A

the number of individuals within a given population

149
Q

population density

A

the number of organisms in the population divided by a regular unit of area or volume

150
Q

biogeochemical cycles

A

predictable pathways followed by chemical elements or molecules as the elements or molecules travel through the living and nonliving parts of an ecosystem

151
Q

carbon-oxygen cycles

A

are reliant upon each otherphotosynthesis and cellular respiration drive this cycel. each of these processes must take place in order for the other half of the cycle to function properly

152
Q

nitrogen cycle

A

the cycle of consumption and regeneration of nitrogen within our environment

153
Q

how is nitrogen essential

A

nitrogen is an essential component of amino acids (proteins) and nucleic acids. therefore all organisms require it to survive.

154
Q

how nitrogen is made usable

A

microscopic organisms and natural processes, such a lightning, can convert nitrogen in atmosphere to usable forms of nitrogen

155
Q

nitrogen fixing bacteria

A

fix atmospheric nitrogen into nitrogen containing compound ammonia. plants can absorb the nitrogen compounds from the soul and use it to form important biological molecules

156
Q

nitrifying bacteria

A

convert ammonia into nitrates

157
Q

denitrifying bacteria

A

return nitrogen to the atmosphere by converting nitrates to nitrogen

158
Q

condensation

A

gas —> liquid (water vapor to water)

crucial for formation of clouds, which form when air contianing water vapor rises and cools.

159
Q

evaporation

A

liquid —–> gas

happens usually as result of heat

160
Q

transpiration

A

process by which water is carried through plants, from roots to leaves, where it changes to water vapor and is released to the atmosphere

161
Q

carbon cycle and climate change

A

when fossil fuels are burned, carbon is transferred to atmosphere. greenhouse gases are released into atmosphere in large quantities when fossil fuels are combusted

162
Q

how do prokaryotes reproduce

A

through an asexual reproduction known as binary fission

163
Q

chromatin

A

form chromosome exists in for most of the time. this is a mass of long thin fibers, a combination of DNA and proteins

164
Q

when does a chromosome consist of two identical chromatids

A

when the cell is preparing to divide and has duplicated its chromosomes but before the duplicates actually separate

165
Q

what are the three subphases of interphase

A

G1 phase- begins to grow
S phase-continues to grow, copies chromosomes
G2 phase- grows more and completes preparations for cell division

166
Q

prophase

A
  • chromatin coils become more tightly coiled and becomes discrete chromosomes in nucleus
  • nucleoli disappear
  • mitotic spindle begins to form as microtubules rapidly grow out from centrosomes
167
Q

prometaphase

A
  • nuclear envelope breaks into fragments and disappears
  • microtubules reach chromosomes
  • chromosomes start moving toward center of cell
168
Q

metaphase

A
  • mitotic spindle is fully formed
  • chromosomes convene on metaphase plate
  • microtubules attach to particular chromatid from opposite sides
169
Q

anaphase

A
  • two centromeres of each chromosome come apart, separating sister chromatids,
  • poles are moved farther apart, elongating the cell
  • chromosomes get pulled to opposite sides of the cell
170
Q

telophase

A
  • cell elongation that started in anaphase continues
  • nuclei appear at two poles of cell
  • nuclear envelopes form around chromosomes
  • chromatin fiber uncoils
  • nucleoli reappear
171
Q

cytokinesis

A

division of cytoplasm occurs with telophase with two daughter cells completely separating soon after the end of mitosis

172
Q

cleavage

A

how animal cells do cytokinesis, cleavage furrow pinches cell in two

173
Q

what bonds are between nucleotides in DNA

A

covalent bonds

174
Q

structural difference between deoxyribose and ribose

A

ribose has additional oxygen atom

175
Q

what bonds are between nitrogenous bases

A

hydrogen bonds

176
Q

how planet traps heat

A
  • solar radiation reaching earth’s atmosphere includes uv radiation and visible light,. ozone layer filters out most of UV, visible light is absorbed by planet’s surface, warming it
  • heat is radiated by warmed planet, longer infrared wavelengths are absorbed by gases in the atmosphere which then radiate some of heat back to earth
177
Q

semiconservative replication

A

the idea that in each new DNA one strand is from original and one molecule i new

178
Q

where does DNA replication begin

A

at origins of replication

179
Q

mitotic spindle

A

microtubules (spindle fibers) that guide the separation of chromosomes

180
Q

cell plate

A

in plant cytokineses, by vesicles carrying cell wall material collecting at middle of parent cell fusing

181
Q

germline mutations

A

occur in sperm and egg and can be inherited

182
Q

haploid

A

a cell containing a single set of chromosomes; an n cell

183
Q

diploid

A

cell containing 2 homologous chromosomes, one inherited from each parent; a 2n cell

184
Q

precipitation

A

how water returns to Earth. when water droplets in clouds condense to become heavy enough that they rain down

honors biology (20 decks)

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