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Anatomy > Integumentary System (KT) > Flashcards

Integumentary System (KT) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 components of the integumentary system?

A
  1. Cutaneous Membrane

2. Accessory Structures

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2
Q

What is included in the cutaneous membrane? (2)

A
  1. Epidermis

2. Dermis

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3
Q

What is included in the Accessory Structures? (3)

A
  1. Hair
  2. Nails
  3. Glands
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4
Q

Functions of the Integumentary System? (4)

A
  1. Protection
  2. Heat regulation
  3. Excretion of urea and uric acid
  4. Synthesizes Vitamin D
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5
Q

What does the integumentary system protect the body from? (6)

A
  1. Mechanical Damage
  2. Chemical Damage
  3. Bacterial Damage
  4. Thermal Damage
  5. UV radiation
  6. Desiccation
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6
Q

Characteristics of the epidermis (4)

A
  1. Stratified squamous epithelium
  2. Lacks blood vessels but can divide
  3. As new cells grow, the older cells get pushed to the surface
  4. Outer most layers are dead
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7
Q

The 4 cell types of the Epidermis

A
  1. Keratinocytes (90%)
  2. Melanocytes (8%)
  3. Langerhan Cells
  4. Merkel Cells
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8
Q

Characteristics of…

Keratinocytes

A
  • produce keratin

- provide protection

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9
Q

Characteristics of…

Melanocytes

A
  • produce melanin pigments which protects against UV radiation
  • melanin transferred to other cells with long cell processes
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10
Q

Characteristics of…

Langerhan Cells

A
  • from bone marrow

- part of an immune response

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11
Q

Stem cells divide to produce __________ at the basal lamina

A

Keratinocytes

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12
Q

As keratinocytes are pushed up towards the surface…

A
  • They will fill with keratin and oils
  • They slowly die
  • Its a 4 week journey unless the outer layers are removed by abrasion
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13
Q

Layers of the Epidermis (5)

A
  1. Stratum Germinativum
  2. Stratum Spinosum
  3. Stratum Granulosum
  4. Stratum Lucidum
  5. Stratum Corneum
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14
Q

Characteristics of Stratum Germativum (2)

A
  1. Deepest single layer of cells

2. Combination of merkel cells, melanocytes, kerytinocytes and stem cells that divide repeatedly

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15
Q

How are cells attached in the Stratum Germativum layer?

A

Cells attached to each other and to the basal lamina by desmosomes & hemidesmosomes

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16
Q

Characteristics of the Stratum Spinosum (3)

A
  1. 8-10 cell layers held together by desmosomes
  2. Melanin taken in by the phagocytosis from near by melanocytes
  3. During slide preparation cells shrink and look spiny
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17
Q

Characteristics of Stratum Granulosum (3)

A
  1. 3 to 5 layers of flat dying cells
  2. Show nuclear degeneration
  3. Contain dark-staining keratohyalin granules
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18
Q

What are keratohyalin granules?

A

They release lipids that repel water

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19
Q

Characteristics of Stratum Lucidum (2)

A
  1. Seen in think skin on palms and soles of feet ONLY

2. 3 to 5 layers of clear, flat, dead cells

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20
Q

Characteristics of Stratum Corneum (4)

A
  1. 25 to 30 layers of flat dead cells filled with keratin and surrounded by lipids
  2. Continuously shed
  3. Barrier to light, heat, water, chemicals and bacteria
  4. Friction stimulates callus formation
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21
Q

2 types of Skin Thickness

A
  1. Thick Skin

2. Thin Skin

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22
Q

Think Skin

A
  • Palmar and Planter surface
  • About 30 layers of Stratum Corneum
  • All 5 layers
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23
Q

Thin Skin

A
  • Rest of body surfaces
  • Fewer layers of Stratum Corneum
  • No Stratum Lucidum
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24
Q
  • Stratum germativum forms ridges that extend into the dermis
  • Increases area of contact for better grip
A

Epidermal Ridges

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25
Q

-Produced in the epidermis by melanocytes

A

Melanin

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26
Q

Facts about Melanocytes

A
  • Same number of melanocytes in everyone but different amounts of pigment produced
  • UV in sunlight increases melanin production
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27
Q

Melanin production is in response to…

A

Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone

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28
Q

Melanocytes convert _________ to melanin?

A

Tyrosine

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29
Q

True/ False: There are several different types of melanin.

A

True

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30
Q

Typical brown or black melanin

A

Eumelanin

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31
Q

Red brown version of melanin

A

Pheomelanin

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32
Q

Freckles or liver spots…

A

Melanocytes in a patch

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33
Q

Benign localized overgrowth of melanocytes

A

Nevus or mole

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34
Q

Inherited lack of tyrosine; no pigment

A

Albinism

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35
Q
  • Yellow orange pigment (precursor of Vitamin A)

- Found in stratum Corneum & Subcutaneous

A

Carotine

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36
Q
  • Red, oxygen-carrying pigment in blood cells

- if other pigments are not present, epidermis is translucent and pinkness will be evident

A

Homoglobin

37
Q

What are the 2 layers the dermis is composed of?

A
  • Papillary Layer

- Reticular Layer

38
Q

What does the Papilary Layer of the Dermis consist of?

A
  • Areolar Connective Tissue
  • Capillaries and Neurons
  • Dermal Papillae
39
Q

What does the Reticular Layer of the Dermis consist of?

A
  • Anchoring layer
  • Large vessels, nerves, adiposcytes, arrector pili muscle
  • Dense irregular connective tissue
  • Collagen-strength
  • Elastic-strength, flexibility
40
Q

These provide blood supply to the skin… (2)

A
  • Cutaneous Plexus

- Papillary Plexus

41
Q
  • Network of arteries & veins supplying the skin

- In the subcutaneous layer

A

Cutaneous Plexus

42
Q
  • Follows the epidermal and dermal boundary

- Helps nourish the epidermal layer

A

Papillary Plexus

43
Q

The stretching of fibers, loss of their elasticity, breaking of fibers

A

Stretch marks

44
Q

Stretch marks form due to…

A
  • Decrease in fiber elasticity

- Tearing of fibers

45
Q

Also called the superficial fascia or the subcutaneous layer…

A

Hypodermis

46
Q

What does the hypodermis consist of…?

A
  • Areolar Connective Tissue
  • Adipose connective tissue (insulator)
  • Collagen and Elastic fibers
  • No distinct boundary with dermis
  • Major blood vessels & nerves
  • Stabilizes skin
47
Q

Hair (an accessory structure) is on most surfaces except… (4)

A
  1. Plantar and Palmer Surfaces
  2. Parts of digits
  3. Lips
  4. Eyelids (except eye lashes)
48
Q

True/False: Hair number is fixed at birth?

A

True

49
Q

What are the types of hair… (3)

A
  1. Vellus (peach fuzz)
  2. Terminal (thicker with darker pigment)
  3. Intermediate (arms)
    * Hair is based on body location, age, and gender
50
Q

The 3 basic parts of hair…

A
  1. Shaft- mostly projects above the surface of the skin
  2. Root- Penetrates into the dermis
  3. Bulb- is the base of the follicle
51
Q

Each hair consists of… (3)

A
  1. Cuticle (outer most)
  2. Cortex (middle)
  3. Medulla (inner most)
52
Q

What is hair composed of?

A

Dead keratinized epidermal cells

53
Q

What does a hair follicle consist of?

A

(hair follicles surround the root)

-Has many sheaths and layers

54
Q

Functions of hair… (3)

A
  1. Protection
  2. Reduction of heat loss
  3. Sensing light touch
55
Q

Part of hair that…

  • Sensory nerves surrounding follide
  • Detect hair movement
A

Root hair Plexus

56
Q

Part of hair that…

  • is made up of smooth muscle
  • Moves hair
  • Causes “goose bumps”
A

Arrector Pili

57
Q

Stages of hair growth… (3)

A
  1. Anagen Stage
  2. Catagen Stage
  3. Telogen Stage
58
Q
  • Lasts from 2 to 6 years depending on the boy part

- matrix cells at base of hair root producing length

A

Anagen Stage

59
Q
  • Lasts up to 2 weeks

- Matrix cells inactive and follide atrophies

A

Catagen Stage

60
Q
  • Hair follicle remains dormant

- Hair is eventually pushed out by new hair as cycle renews

A

Telogen Stage

61
Q

This is the result of melanin produced in melanocytes in hair bulb

A

Hair color

62
Q

Brown black/brown hair contains large amounts of…

A

Eumelanin

63
Q

Blond hair results from…

A

Little eumelanin

64
Q

Red hair has a high relative amount of…

A

Pheomelanin

65
Q

Gray hair is the result of…

A

decline in all melanin production

66
Q

Specialized exocrine glands found in the dermis… (4)

A
  1. Sebaceous Glands
  2. Sudoriferous Glands
  3. Ceruminous Glands
  4. Mammary Glands
67
Q
  • Secrete sebum (oil) by HOLOCRINE secretion

- Sebum decreases evaporation and decreases bacterial growth

A

Sebaceous Glands

68
Q

2 Types of Sebaceous Glands

A
  1. With hair- sebum released into follicle

2. Not with hair- Sebum secreted onto epidermis

69
Q
  • Sweat glands
  • Coiled tubular gland
  • Sweat released by MEROCRINE secretion
  • Under neutral control
A

Sudoriferous Glands

70
Q

Types of Sudoriferous Glands (2)

A
  1. Apocrine

2. Eccrine

71
Q
  • On most body surfaces
  • Greatest on palm
  • Not associated with hair follicle
  • Watery secretion called sensible perspiration
A

Eccrine Sweat Glands

72
Q

Sensible perspiration is made up of… (3)

A
  1. water
  2. NaCl
  3. Urea
73
Q

Function of Eccrine Glands… (3)

A
  1. Cooling
  2. Excretion
  3. Protection
74
Q
  • Associated with hair follicle
  • Located in axillae & groin
  • Produces viscous secretion starting at puberty
A

Apocrine Sweat

75
Q

Functions of Apocrine Sweat Glands

A
  • Reducing Friction
  • Cooling
  • Secrete pheromones
76
Q

Modified Apocrine Sweat Glands… (2)

A
  • Mammary (lactiferous) for milk production

- Ceruminous - in external ear, its secretion mixes with sebum to create ear wax

77
Q

Parts of Nails… (4)

A
  1. Nail Body
  2. Nail Bed
  3. Nail root
  4. Lunula
78
Q

Keratinized plate like structure

A

Nail body

79
Q

Surface of the skin that covers the nail body

A

Nail bed

80
Q

Source of nail production

A

Nail Root

81
Q

Whitish, half-moon region at the base of the nail plate

A

Lunula

82
Q

Tissue damage and cell death caused by heat, electricity, UV radiation or chemicals

A

Burns

83
Q

Associated dangers of burns… (3)

A
  1. Dehydration
  2. Electrolyte imbalance
  3. Circulatory Shock
84
Q

Characteristics of First Degree Burns

A
  • skin red and swollen

- only epidermis damaged

85
Q

Characteristics of Second Degree Burns

A
  • skin red with blisters

- epidermis and upper dermis damaged

86
Q

Characteristics of Third Degree Burns

A
  • Gray, whitish, or black

- Destroys entire layer

87
Q

Burns are critical when…

A
  • Over 25% of body has second degree

- Over 10% of body has third degree

88
Q

Effects of Aging… (5)

A
  1. Less hair
  2. Reduced blood supply
  3. Dermis tends to be thin
  4. Drying of epidermis
  5. Fewer melanocytes

Anatomy (24 decks)

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