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Anatomy > Chapter 23 - Lympatic System > Flashcards

Chapter 23 - Lympatic System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

A

Produce, maintain, and distribute lymphocytes.
Maintain normal blood and interstitial fluid volume.
Alternate route for the transport of materials.

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2
Q

What materials does the lymphatic system transport?

A

Nutrients, hormones, waste.

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3
Q

What do lymphatic vessels do?

A

Transport fluid called lymph from tissues to the venous system.

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4
Q

Do lymphatic vessels have varied size?

A

CLARO QUE SI

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5
Q

What are the different sizes of vessels?

A

Small lymphatic capillaries, medium lymphatic vessels, large lymphatic trunks, and lymphatic ducts.

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6
Q

What are lymphatic vessels usually found associated with?

A

Blood vessels.

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7
Q

Where are lymphatic vessels located?

A

Most tissues.

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8
Q

Where are lymphatic vessels absent?

A

Avascular tissue and CNS.

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9
Q

What is lymph?

A

A fluid CT.

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10
Q

Where does lymph occur?

A

ONLY in lymphatic vessels.

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11
Q

What is lymph derived from?

A

Interstitial fluid of the tissues, lymphocytes, and macrophages.

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12
Q

Where does lymph orginate?

A

From plasma.

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13
Q

How is interstitial fluid formed?

A

Water & dissolved materials leak out of capillaries due to diffusion & filtration.

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14
Q

How many L/day enter interstitial spaces?

A

27L/day.

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15
Q

Interstitial fluid characteristics?

A

Lacks proteins and lower O2.

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16
Q

What is interstitial fluid called when it enters the lymphatic capillaries?

A

Lymph.

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17
Q

What percent of interstitial fluid is absorbed?

A

90%.

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18
Q

Lymphatic capillaries characteristics?

A
  1. Closed ended tubes.
  2. In interstitial spaces.
  3. Form networks.
  4. Single layer of squamous cells with incomplete basal lamina. 5. Fenestrated
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19
Q

How do lymphatic capillaries differ from blood capillaries?

A

Larger diameter, thinner walls, flat & irregular, have anchoring filaments to keep the passage open, and overlapping endothelial cells.

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20
Q

How does interstitial fluid enter lymphatic capillaries?

A

Overlapping cells function as one way valves, moves through fenestrations, and large things such as viruses and debris follow.

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21
Q

How are medium lymphatic vessels formed?

A

Merging of lymph capillaries.

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22
Q

How are medium lymphatic vessels similar to veins?

A

Have interna, media, adventitia, and valves.

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23
Q

What do medium lymphatic vessels form?

A

Lymphatic trunks.

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24
Q

What do medium lymphatic vessels travel with?

A

Arteries of the same size.

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25
Q

How are lymphatic trunks named?

A

By the region they drain.

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26
Q

Examples of lymphatic trunks?

A

Lumbar, Intestinal (NOT interstitial), Broncomediastinal, subclavian, jugular.

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27
Q

Where do lymphatic trunks drain?

A

Into ducts.

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28
Q

What are the lymphatic ducts?

A

Thoracic, and right lymphatic.

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29
Q

Where do lymphatic ducts deliver lymph?

A

Venous circulation at subclavians.

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30
Q

What happens when lymph is delivered to venous circulation?

A

Reintroduced to bloodstream and becomes part of plasma and is circulated.

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31
Q

What does the thoracic duct drain?

A

Lower body, left arm, head, and neck.

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32
Q

What route does the thoracic duct take?

A

Arises from cisterna chyli, through diaphragm, ascends in front of vertebral column, and empties into left subclavian vein.

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33
Q

What does the lymphatic duct drain?

A

Right side of head, neck, and right arm.

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34
Q

What route does the right lymphatic duct take?

A

Starts in right thorax to right subclavian vein.

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35
Q

Do the ducts drain evenly?

A

NOT AT ALL BEBE.

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36
Q

Where are valves located in lymphatic vessels?

A

At bulges.

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37
Q

What do valves prevent?

A

Backflow.

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38
Q

Is pressure lower in lymphatics than in veins?

A

SI.

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39
Q

How is lymph moved?

A

Skeletal muscles and breathing.

40
Q

If drainage does not occur what happens?

A

Lymphedema.

41
Q

What are the primary cells of the lymphoid system.

A

Lymphocytes.

42
Q

What do lymphocytes allow for?

A

Specific (or adaptive) immunity.

43
Q

What are the types of lymphocytes?

A

NK, B, & T cells.

44
Q

Where are NK cells derived from?

A

Directly from bone marrow.

45
Q

Are NK cells specific or non specific immunity?

A

NON specific.

46
Q

What do NK cells do?

A

Detect chemical signals other than specific antigens and induce apoptosis.

47
Q

Where do B cells originate and develop?

A

In bone marrow.

48
Q

B cells characteristics?

A

Stimulated by an antigen to produce antibodies, can survive for years as memory cells, and become active once exposed to a similar antigen.

49
Q

Where do T cells originate and develop?

A

Originate in bone marrow and develop in thymus.

50
Q

What do T cells attack?

A

Cells with antigens indicating viral infection or detrimental mutations (cancer)

51
Q

Do T cells have memory cells?

A

Yes, they are similar to B cells.

52
Q

What do T cells induce?

A

Apoptosis.

53
Q

What are lymphoid nodules?

A

Reticular CT dominated by lymphocytes.

54
Q

Are lymphoid nodules organs?

A

NOOOOOOOOOOOO!!

55
Q

What does MALT stand for?

A

Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue.

56
Q

What are MALTs?

A

Digestive lymph nodules.

57
Q

What are the MALTs of the body?

A

Tonsils, aggregated lymphoid nodules, and appendix.

58
Q

Where are tonsils positioned?

A

Around the pharanx.

59
Q

What do tonsils do?

A

Remove pathogens that enter via air or food.

60
Q

What are the 3 types of tonsils?

A

Pharyngeal, palatine, and lingual.

61
Q

Pharyngeal tonsil location and number?

A

One nodule in nasopharynx.

62
Q

What is another name for the pharyngeal tonsil?

A

Adenoids.

63
Q

Palatine tonsils location and number?

A

On the soft palate and two nodules.

64
Q

Lingual tonsils location and number?

A

At base of the tongue and two nodules.

65
Q

aggregated lymphoid nodules location?

A

Line mucosa of the small intestine.

66
Q

Appendix location?

A

Blind tube at beginning of large intestine.

67
Q

What is infection of the appendix and its cause?

A

Appendicitis. Is caused by intestinal flora enter underlying tissues.

68
Q

What are the lymphatic organs?

A

Lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen.

69
Q

What are lymphatic organs surrounded by?

A

A fibrous CT capsule.

70
Q

What is the shape of lymph nodes?

A

Bean.

71
Q

What are lymph nodes between?

A

Severa afferent and one efferent vessel.

72
Q

What is a hilus?

A

Indented region where BVs, nerves, and efferent lymph vessels connect.

73
Q

Lymph node structures?

A

Cortex and medulla.

74
Q

Cortex characteristics?

A

Capsule has trabeculae that subdivide it.

75
Q

What are the 2 regions of the cortex?

A

Outer and inner cortex.

76
Q

What does the outer cortex consist of?

A

Aggregated B celss.

77
Q

What happens at the inner cortex?

A

T cells enter blood here.

78
Q

What happens at the medulla?

A

B cells leave through the efferent vessel.

79
Q

What are the locations of lymph nodes?

A

Cervical, axillary, inguinal, pelvic, abdominal, and thoracic.

80
Q

Spleen location?

A

Found on the left side of stomach.

81
Q

What is the largest lymphatic organ?

A

SPLEEN.

82
Q

What are the 2 compponents of the spleen?

A

White pulp and red pulp.

83
Q

White pulp characteristics?

A

Resembles lymph node.

84
Q

Red pulp characteristics?

A

Large amounts of RBC.

85
Q

What is in red pulp?

A

Sinuses, macrophages, T & B cells.

86
Q

What are the functions of the spleen?

A

Remove old RBCs, store/ recycle iron, initiate immune response, blood reservoir, and RBC production in fetus.

87
Q

Where is the thymus located?

A

In the mediastinum.

88
Q

What is the first lymph organ to develop?

A

The thymus.

89
Q

Thymus characteristics?

A

Grows until puberty, shrinks with age, and replaced by fibrous & adipose tissue.

90
Q

How many lobes are in the thymus?

A

2.

91
Q

What are the lobules of the thymus?

A

Cortex and medulla.

92
Q

Cortex characteristics?

A

Mostly immature T cells.

93
Q

Medulla characteristics?

A

Mostly reticular epithelial cells.

94
Q

T cells in the thymus?

A

Cortex produces T cells, mature and migrate into medulla, and enter BVs & go into circulation.

95
Q

What do reticular cells in the thymus do?

A

Produce thymosin and promote T cell differentiation.

Anatomy (24 decks)

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