Chapter 2-Chemistry Flashcards by MaKenna Hanson

Anything that takes up space and has mass

Matter

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The dust of composition of matter.

Chemistry

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Basic building block of matter

Atoms

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The center of the atom, location of all the mass and positive charge.

Nucleus

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Has mass, positive charge, and located in the nucleus

Protons

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Has mass, neutral charge, location nucleus

Neutron

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No mass, negative charge, electron shell

Electron

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Surround the nucleus and contains the elections

Electron shells

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of protons

Atomic numbers

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Groups of similar atoms

Elements

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Letter of element

Chemical symbol

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Human body

Oxygen 65%, carbon18.6%, hydrogen9.7%, nitrogen3.2%, calcium1.8%, phosphorus 1%

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Atoms of the same element with a different number of neutrons

Isotopes

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Atoms weight/atomic mass

-number of protons and neutrons

Mass number

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High # of neutrons

Radioisotopes

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Amount one proton or one neutron weighs

A.M.U

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1 mole=7.023* 10^23

Avogadro’s number

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Energy Levels:

stable
reactive (most in human body)-form compound

Full

Unfilled

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The smallest part of a compound that still acts like that compound

Molecules

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Force of attractive

Chemical bonds

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Chemical Bonds:

-bond formed by transferring electrons

Ionic

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Chemical bond-

Bond that shares electrons

Covalent

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Chemical bond-

Different elements

Polar

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Chemical bonds-

Same elements

Nonpolor

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States of matter- | Definite shape and definite

Solid

State of matter definite volume, no definite shape.

Liquid

State of matter No definite shape, no definite volume

Gases

Gives off heat, break bonds

Exothermic

Takes in energy, makes bonds

Endothermic

Decomposition, exothermic, beaks down

Catabolism

Combining things to make energy, endothermic

Anabolism

AB-> A+B, created heat, breaks bonds

Decomposition

A+B-> AB | Making a bond

Synthesis

AB+CD->AD+CD

Exchange/displacement

Cannot destroy or create matter

Law of conservation and energy

The ability to do work

Energy

Energy of motion

Kinetic energy

Stored energy

Potential energy

Can't create or destroy energy, only convert it

Law of conservation and energy

Amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction

Activation Energy

Proteins that are natural catalyst

Enzymes

Speed up chemical reactions

Catalyst

Slow down a chemical reaction

Inhibitors

No carbon to hydrogen bonds

Inorganic compounds

Lower acidity or raise pH

Buffers

Water

1. Solubility 2. Relativity 3. High heat capacity 4. Lubrication

Have C-H bonds

Organic compounds Carbs Lipids Proteins nucleic acid

Energy

Carbs

Stored energy, protects

Lipids

Builds tissues

Proteins

Dna, rna

Nucleic acids

Sugars and starches, 1-3% of body mass

Carbohydrates

Simple sugar, glucose, fructose

Monosaccharides

Complex sugar, sucrose(table sugar) Maltose Lactose

Disaccharides-2 monosaccharides

Many sugar, starches(cellulose and glycogen)

Polysaccharides

Plants

Cellulose

Animal

Glycogen

Will not dissolve in water

Hydrophobic

Sugars and salts

Hydrophilic

``` Fats, oils, waxes Used for structure 2x the energy as carbohydrates (Male-12-18%) (Female-18-24%) ```

Lipids

Energy source 1. saturated fat 2. unsaturated fat

Fatty acids

Single bonds-butter

Saturated fats

Double bonds-olive oil

Unsaturated fats

Chemical messengers

Eicosanoids

"Body fat" -stored fat, stored energy, provides insulation, protection, cushion

Glycerides

Cholesterol

Steroids

Cell membranes

Phospholipids

4 functions of steroids

Membrane, sexual function, tissue metabolism, bike salts

Basic building block of protein

Amino acid

20% of body weight | 140,000 different ones in the body

Proteins

Protein major functions

1) support-cell walls and membranes 2) movement-contractile fibers 3) transport-through membranes 4) buffering-basic substance 5) metabolic-enzymes 6) coordination and control-hormones 7) defense-antibodies and skin

Promote chemical reactions by lowering activation requirements

Enzymes

Reactants in a reaction

Substances

Characteristics of enzymes

1) specificity 2) saturation limits 3) regulation

Certain enzymes will break down certain substances

Specificity

There's only so much enzyme to go around

Saturation limits

Enzymes can be turned on and off

Regulation

Large proteins that act as enzymes, antibodies, hormones, or form cell parts, creates mucus in our body

Glycoproteins

Make up egg white that makes synovial fluids

Proteoglycans

Determine how we turn out

Nucleic acids

Genetic blue print; double strand A-T G-C

DNA

Controls protein production A-U G-C mRNA- tRNA- rRNA-

RNA Messenger: DNA to ribosomes Transfer:carries amino acids to ribosomes Ribosomal:puts together proteins

Made up of nucleotides part:

Sugar Phosphate Nitrogen base

Chapter 2-Chemistry Flashcards

(83 cards)