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Cell Biology Pt. 2 > Cell Bio Lecture 15 - Development 4 > Flashcards

Cell Bio Lecture 15 - Development 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is oligomenorrhea?

A

No period for 3 months or more

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2
Q

How is infertility defined?

A

Inability to achieve pregnancy after one year of unprotected intercourse

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3
Q

How many couples in the U.S. have problems with infertility?

A

8 million (1 in 8 couples)

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4
Q

What is amenorrhea?

A

Complete lack of a period

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5
Q

Can irregular ovulation be caused by hypothalamic abnormalities like GnRH insufficiency?

A

For sho

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6
Q

What is polycystic ovary syndrome and how is it treated?

A

It is characterized by increased levels of LH relative to FSH. Treatment is to give FSH.

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7
Q

What is Mayer-Rotikansky-Kuster-Hauser Syndrome?

A

Complete absence of a uterus.

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8
Q

What is Asherman Syndrome? Can it be treated?

A

Excessive scar tissue in the uterus following surgically. Can be treated surgically - remove the scar tissue

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9
Q

Can you treat a woman with excessive scar tissue in the uterus from STIs with surgery?

A

Nope. It is typically too extensive.

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10
Q

What matricellular protein did Dr. C study that slows growth of uterine fibroids?

A

CCN5

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11
Q

What are the two major male infertility factors?

A
  1. Hormonal abmormalities (HPT axis)

2. High temp in testes caused by a varicocele.

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12
Q

What is the leading risk factor for infertility, SABs, and birth defects in the U.S.?

A

Advanced maternal age (over 35)

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13
Q

What is the first step in treating a woman for infertility?

A

Determine whether it is explained or unexplained.

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14
Q

How do you treat a 32 year old woman with unexplained infertility?

A
  1. Start with clomiphine citrate. If that doesn’t work, do the following:
  2. hMG
  3. hCG
    Often these are used in combination with IUI
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15
Q

How would one treat infertility caused by a varicocele?

A

Surgery.

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16
Q

How would one treat infertility caused by endometriosis?

A

Surgery

17
Q

What is endometriosis?

A

Growth of endometrial tissue outside of the uterus

18
Q

How would one treat infertility caused by Asherman’s syndrome?

A

Surgery

19
Q

How would one treat infertility caused by uterine fibroids?

A

Surgery

20
Q

How would one treat infertility caused by PCOS?

A

Prescribe FSH

21
Q

How would one treat infertility caused by immotile sperm?

A

IVF with ICSI

22
Q

A woman presents to your clinic and states that her last three pregnancies ended spontaneously. What hormone may have been insufficient? What is the treatment for this?

A

Progesterone insufficiency likely. Prescribe progesterone for next pregnancy!

23
Q

How would one treat infertility caused by low GnRH?

A

Prescribe GnRH therapy

24
Q

A post-menopausal woman wants to have a child. What are her options?

A

Donor egg IVF or adoption.

25
Q

A stressed-out 27 year old pro triathlete comes to your clinic with infertility problems. What do you do?

A

Explain to her that stress and extreme athletic activity is the likely cause and that she make lifestyle changes.

26
Q

A 37 year old woman presents with infertility. How do you treat her?

A

Go straight to IVF.

27
Q

What does clomiphine citrate do? What is its key use?

A

It blocks estrogen receptors on the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus therefore secretes more GnRH, which stimulates FSH and LH productrion from the pituitary. key use is for women who are anovulatory or irregularly ovulatory.

28
Q

What is hMG? What are its key uses?

A

It is a mixture of LH and FSH. Injection is given daily. Tx with hMG requires monitoring of follicle size by ultrasound and monitoring of estogen levels. When estrogen reaches a peak, a bolus hMG is given to mimic the LH surge, which stimulates multiple follicles. Key uses:

  1. Anovulatory women who were unsuccessful with clomiphine
  2. Women with amenorrhea who don’t produce enough FSH and LH
29
Q

How is FSH administered?

A

Subcutaneous injection

30
Q

How is hCG used in fertility treatment?

A

It can be administered by a subcutaneous dose at the end of ovulation induction treatment. hCG mimics LH to induce multiple follicle ovulation

31
Q

What is IUI? What must be done to the sperm before the procedure?

A

Intrauterine insemination. Sperm must be washed to mimic capacitation before injection into the cervix.

32
Q

What are the basic steps of IVF?

A
  1. Use gonadotropins to induce multiple eggs.
  2. Remove eggs w/ ultrasound guided needle
  3. Incubate in vitro with sperm (washing is necessary to mimic capacitation, or ICSI is done)
  4. Cleavages are observed
  5. 8-cell morulas are implanted (unless PGD results were pending which take a few days - morula forms into blastocyst which is implanted if OK)
33
Q

What are iPS cells and how are they obtained?

A

Induced pluripotent stem cells - take an adult stem cell and transfect it with six transcription factors. It then turns into an embryonic stem cell.

Cell Biology Pt. 2 (10 decks)

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