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Mind Brain Behavior > Neurons > Flashcards

Neurons Flashcards

0
Q

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is made up of..

A

cranial nerves and spinal nerves

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1
Q

Central Nervous (CNS) is made up of

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

The Autonomic nervous system (ANS) is made up of

A

the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves

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3
Q

How many neurons are in the brain?

A

100 billion

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4
Q

Each neuron has between _____ and _____ synapses

A

1,000 and 10,000

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5
Q

The gut contains some ______ neurons

A

100 million

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6
Q

The diameter of a neuron is in between __ and ___ microns (or __ millimeters)

A

Between 4 and 100, .1 mm.

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7
Q

Velocity of a signal transmitted through a neuron is between __ and ___ mph

A

1.2 and 250

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8
Q

A neuron is an ______ cell that processes and transmits information by _____ and _____ signaling

A

electrically excitable; electrical/chemical

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9
Q

The fundamental task of a nerve cell is to ____, ______, and ______ signals

A

receive, conduct, transmit signals

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10
Q

Neurons connect via ____ to each other to form neural networks

A

synapses

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11
Q

Dendrites transmit electrical impulses to the ______

A

cell body

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12
Q

The axon transmits information away from the _____

A

cell body

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13
Q

The myelin sheath is made up of _________ (type of glial cells)

A

oligodendrocytes

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14
Q

Nodes of Ranvier are ______ in between myelin sheath that allow for ____

A

Permeable gaps; the exchange of ions

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15
Q

Pre-synaptic terminal is located at the end of the ____

A

axon

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16
Q

The glia of the brain and spinal chord are called ____

A

astrocytes

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17
Q

Astrocytes support the _______, provide _______ to the nervous tissue, maintain _______, and repair of the brain and spinal cord following traumatic injuries.

A

blood-brain barrier; nutrients to the nervous tissue; extracellular ion balance

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18
Q

Action potential is the _______ conducted along neuronal axons

A

electrical signal

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19
Q

Action potentials are generated by special types of _______ embedded in a cell’s ______

A

voltage-gated ion channels; plasma membrane

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20
Q

What are the two types of action potentials?

A

One type is generated by the voltage-gated sodium channels in the axon and the other by voltage-gated calcium channels in the pre-synaptic terminal

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21
Q

Sodium-based action potentials last for________

A

less than one millisecond

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22
Q

Calcium based action potentials last for _____

A

100 milliseconds or longer

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23
Q

The resting membrane potential in neurons is ____

A

-70mV

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24
Q

The sodium potassium pump is activated during _____ and sends 3 ____ ions out for every 2 ____ ions in

A

hyperpolarization; sodium, potassium

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25
Q

During the depolarization of the axon ____ enter through the ____

A

sodium ions; Nodes of Ranvier

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26
Q

During the repolarization of the cell, _____ leave the cell

A

Potassium ions

27
Q

Salutatory conduction is the propagation of an _______ along _____ from one _____ to the next

A

action potential; myelinated axons; node of ranvier

28
Q

The myelin sheath creates an express train that goes ___ times faster than unmyelinated neurons

A

50 times faster

29
Q

In the central nervous system, myelinated axons form ____ matter

A

white

30
Q

What makes up the gray matter of the CNS?

A

Dendrites and cell bodies

31
Q

Most common disease that affects the myelin sheath?

A

Multiple Sclerosis - MS lesions cause inflammation that destroys the myelin sheath around the axons

32
Q

In the sodium potassium pump, ions move ____ the concentration gradient, thus it requires ______

A

against; ATP to provide energy

33
Q

Neurotransmitters are stored in ____

A

Vesicles in the presynaptic terminals

34
Q

SYNAPSE: When an action potential invades the presynaptic terminal, this causes _______ and the opening of ________. The influx of the _____ causes ______ containing _____ to _____ with the _______. The _____ is then released into the _______ via _____, where it then binds to _______ in the _______. The ______ then causes _____ or _____ ____ ___ that changes the excitability of the ______ cell.

A

depolarization of presynaptic terminal and the opening of voltage-gated Calcium channels. The influx of calcium ions causes vesicles containing neurotransmitters to fuse with the presynaptic membrane. The neurotransmitter is then released into the synaptic cleft via exocytosis, where in then binds to receptor molecules in the postsynaptic membrane. The postsynaptic current then causes excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic potential that changes of the excitability of the postsynaptic cell.

35
Q

Reuptake is the _____ of a neurotransmitter by a _____ _____ of a ________

A

Reuptake is the reabsorption of a neurotransmitter by a neurotransmitter transporter of a pre-synaptic neuron

36
Q

The EFFICIENT NEURON: Myelin ____ the conductance of a signal along the _____. Myelin also reduces the amount of energy it takes to ________. Reuptake makes sure that neurotransitters _______.

A

Myelin speeds up the conductace of a signal along the axon. Myelin also reduces the amount of energy it takes to restore resting potential. Reuptake makes sure that neurotransmitters do not to go waste.

37
Q

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP) ______ the postsynpatic neuron

A

depolarize

38
Q

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) _______ the postsynaptic neuron.

A

hyperpolarize

39
Q

Glutamate is involved with _______

A

the regulation of muscle tone in humans

40
Q

GABA and Glycine are _____ neurotransmitters

A

inhibitory neurotransmitters

41
Q

Norepinephrine helps ________

A

awaken us from deep sleep

42
Q

Epinephrine increases ____

A

heart rate

43
Q

dopamine is involved with _____ ____and ____

A

movement, reward, and learning

44
Q

serotonin is involved with ____, _____, _____, and _____

A

sensory perception, temp regulation, mood, and sleep

45
Q

Nitric oxide may play a role in ____ and _____

A

memory and learning

46
Q

Substance P is a neurotransmitter known to _______

A

enhance the perception of pain

47
Q

Dopamine is a monoamine transmitters in the ______ family

A

catecholamine

48
Q

How many types of dopamine receptors are there?

A

Five

49
Q

Dopamine is mostly produced in the ____ ______ and the ____ ____ ___.

A

Substantia Nigra and Ventral Tegmental Area

50
Q

The three main dopamine pathways are: ___, ____, and ______.

A

Mesolimbic, mesocortical, and nigrostriatal

51
Q

Dopamine: The mesolimbic pathway transmits DA from the ______ (in the midbrain) to the ______ (in the limbic system).

A

The mesolimbic pathway transmits DA from the ventral tegmental area (in the midbrain) to the nucleus accumbens (in the limbic system)

52
Q

Dopamine: the Mesocortical pathway transmits dopamine from the ______ to the _________

A

The Mesocortical Pathway transmits dopamine from the VTA to the frontal cortex.

53
Q

Which two dopamine pathways are implicated in schizophrenia?

A

Mesolimbic and mesocortical

54
Q

Dopamine: The Nigrostriatal pathway transmits dopamine from the ____ to the _____

A

From the substantia nigra to the striatum

55
Q

The Nigrostriatal Pathway is associated with _____ - and this disease

A

motor control - Parkinson’s disease

56
Q

Which neurotransmitter is implicated in laughter and schandenfreude?

A

Dopamine

57
Q

Parkinson’s disease is caused by loss of ____ in the _____

A

Dopamine-secreting neurons in the substantia nigra

58
Q

Schizophrenia has been shown to involve elevated levels of dopamine activity in the _____ and decreased levels of dopamine in the _______

A

Mesolimbic pathway; prefrontal cortex

59
Q

Serotonin is a ____ amine also known as

A

biogenic; 5-Hydroxytryptamine

60
Q

5-HT neurons are found in the _____

A

midbrain raphe

61
Q

Serotonin projects: Regions receiving MRN (median raphe nuclei) projections include the _____

A

hippocampus

62
Q

Serotonin Projection: DRN projections include

A

frontal cortex, dorsal striatum, and globus pallidus

63
Q

What gene has been implicated in depression

A

Serotonin transporter gene 5-HTT - short allele (SS)

64
Q

What neurotransmitter is the primary inhibitory regulator of aggressive behavior?

A

Serotonin

65
Q

What neurotransmitter influences moral judgement and behavior and unfairness behavior? (Crocket, 2008 & 2010)

A

Serotonin

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