Decision Making

Question 0

The cognitive perspective is that the decision making process must be regarded as ….

Answer 0

a continuous process integrated in the interaction with the environment

Question 1

The psychological perspective on decision making is that it is necessary to examine individual decisions in the context of a set of _____

Answer 1

needs, preferences, and values

Question 2

Normative perspective on decision making is the analysis of

Answer 2

logic and rationality and the invariant choice it leads to

Question 3

Contrast normative and descriptive theories

Answer 3

normative theories tell us how we should make rational decisions vs. descriptive theories tell us how we actually make decision, now on how we should make them

Question 4

behavior can deviate from normative accounts in ____ ways

Answer 4

systematic

Question 5

System 1

Answer 5

Rational, controlled, conscious, cold, reflective, forward-looking, effortful and exhaustible, ANALYTIC

Question 6

System 2

Answer 6

Emotional, automatic, unconscious, hot, reflexive, myopic, effortless, fast, AFFECTIVE

Question 7

Rational and cognitive systems are generally associated with ______

Answer 7

prefrontal/parietal cortex

Question 8

Value systems are generally associated with the _____

Answer 8

dopamine system (striatum, vmPFC)

Question 9

Emotional systems are associated with the ___ and ___

Answer 9

amygdala and insula

Question 10

In the marshmallow test, correlational results included (as teenagers and as adults)

Answer 10

as teenagers: higher scores on standardized tests, more popular, more confident; as adults: job success, criminal convictions, physical health, credit score

Question 11

Findings highlights aversive processes in the _____ as underlying the default bias and suggest that choosing the default may be rewarding in itself

Answer 11

insula

Question 12

Product preference activated the _____

Answer 12

nucleus accumbens, i.e. the caudate aka the striatum

Question 13

Excessive prices activate the ______ and deactivate the ____ prior to the purchase decision

Answer 13

insula; medial prefrontal cortex

Question 14

Goal-directed decisions have their basis in a common value signal encoded in the _______

Answer 14

ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC)

Question 15

Exercising self-control involves the modulation of value signals by the _____

Answer 15

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)

Question 16

Framing effect

Answer 16

a cognitive bias in which people react differently to a particular choice depending on whether it is presented as a loss or as a gain; some are more susceptible than others

Question 17

The less rational the more activity in the ____

Answer 17

amygdala

Question 18

The more rational, the more activity in the _____

Answer 18

prefrontal cortex

Question 19

Ultimatum Game: fairness preference shows greater activity in the ________

Answer 19

vmPFC, amygdala, and ventral striatum

Question 20

Ultimatum game: accepting unfair offers associated with decreased activity in the ___

Answer 20

anterior insula

Question 21

Trusting others: The _____ differentiated between positive and negative feedback but only for the neutral partner. This suggests that prior social and moral perceptions can diminish reliance on feedback mechanisms in the neural circuity of trial-and-error reward learning

Answer 21

caudate nucleus