Chapter 3-Cells Flashcards
(105 cards)
0
Q
Cell theory
A
- ) cells make up living things
- ) cells only come from other cells
- ) cells carry out life functions
- ) homeostasis occurs in cells
- ) tissue, organ, system homeostasis occurs because of cell activity
1
Q
Basic unit of life
A
Cells
2
Q
Who created the cell theory?
A
Rudolph Virchow
3
Q
Study of cells
A
Cytology
4
Q
Sperm and egg
A
Sex cells
5
Q
All other cells (bone, muscle, nerve)
A
Somatic cells
6
Q
Salt water fluid found outside the cell membrane
A
Extra cellular fluid
Interstitial fluid
7
Q
Name for both the fluid and the organelles location Inside the cell membrane
A
Cytoplasm
8
Q
Fluid only
A
Cytosol
9
Q
Cell parts
A
Organelles
10
Q
Functions of the cell membrane:
A
- ) separates one cell from another
- ) regulations-determines what goes in & out of the cell
- ) sensitivity
- ) gives support
11
Q
What is the Cell membrane is made of?
A
Phospholipid bilayer-42%
Proteins-55%
Carbs-3%
12
Q
Protein type that stabilizes the cell
A
Anchoring
13
Q
Protein type that contains the immune system-identifies foreign substances
A
Recognition
14
Q
Protein type that breaks down stuff
A
Enzymes
15
Q
Protein type that is sensitive to certain Materials
A
Receptors
16
Q
Protein type that used energy to move materials into the cell
A
Carrier
17
Q
Protein type that don’t need energy (ATP) to move material through
A
Channel
18
Q
Always open (allow material)
A
Channel leak
19
Q
Be open or closed as needed
A
Channel gated
20
Q
Carbohydrates functions
A
- ) lubricates for protection
- ) anchor
- ) binding sight for materials
- ) recognition with immune system
21
Q
Determines what goes in and what comes out
A
Selectively permeable
22
Q
No ATP required
A
Passive transport
23
Q
ATP is used
A
Active transport
24
Process of making equal concentrations
Equilibrium
25
Movement of solids or gases from high to low concentrations (passive transport)
Diffusion
26
Factors that affect rate of diffusion
1. ) distance
2. ) gradient size
3. ) molecule size
4. ) temperature
5. ) electrical force
27
Difference between concentrations inside and outside of a cell
Concentration gradient
28
Movement of water from high to low concentrations (passive transport)
Osmosis
29
has high OP
Turgid
30
Low OP
Flacid
31
Solution types
Hypertonic
Hypotonic
Isotonic
32
Low salt, high water •cell swell- hemolysis
Hypotonic
33
High salt, low water •cells shrink-crenation
Hypertonic
34
Equal salt and water •no change
Isotonic
35
Osmotic pressure forces certain Materials through the cell membrane (ex-kidney)
Filtration
36
Proteins bind to certain substances to carry them through membranes
Carrier materials
37
No energy needed (passive) (channel proteins)
Facilitated diffusion
38
Energy is used to move materials against the concentration gradient
Active transport
39
Sacs of material going in
Endocytosis
40
Water/liquid
Pinocytosis
41
Food/solid
Phagocytosis
42
Vesicular transport:
Endocytosis
| Exocytosis
43
Sacs of material going out
Exocytosis
44
Cilia, flagella
Nonmembranous
45
ER, Golgi body, mitochondria, lysosomes
Membranous
46
Long solid protein strands
Microfilaments
47
Microfilaments
1) anchor
2) controls cytoplasm consistency
3) movement
48
Long hollow protein strands
Microtubules
49
Microtubules
1) structure
2) changes shape
3) moves organelles
4) creates spindle fibers, cilia, and flagella
50
Small extensions that increase surface area
Microvilli
51
Pull chromosomes durning mitosis
Centrioles
52
Short hair like extensions used for movement (numerous)
Cilia
53
Long, whip like tails for movement (1-2)
Flagella
54
Makes proteins (60% RNA, 40% protein)
Ribosomes
55
Series of passageways
Endoplasmic reticulum
56
ER Functions
Transport
Storage
Synthesis
Detoxification
57
Has ribosomes, covered in ribosomes (carries proteins)
Rough ER
58
No ribosomes (carries oxygen, food, waste)
Smooth ER
59
Digests food and kills off damaged cells (autolysis)
Lysosomes
60
Packaging centers for waste, hormones, and fats used to repair cell membranes
Golgi bodies
61
Digests fats and neutralizes toxins
Peroxisomes
62
```
Creates energy (ATP)
Carries out cellular respiration
```
Mitochondria
63
Equation:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O +ATP
64
Control center of the cells
Nucleus
65
Bilipid layer with pores
Nuclear membrane
66
Makes ribosomes
Nucleolus
67
Fluid inside the nuclear membrane
Nucleoplasm
68
Short fat strands of DNA (cell division)
Chromosomes
69
Long thin strands of DNA (cells grow)
Chromatin
70
* Controls genetic make up
* adenine-thymine
* guanine-cytosine
* double helix
* deoxyribose sugar
DNA
71
* Protein production
* adenine- uracil
* guanine-cytosine
* single strand
* ribose sugar
RNA
72
Area that stores food
| -sac that contains sugar
Food vacuole
73
Chain of amino acids
Proteins
74
What causes transcription?
mRNA
75
Basic building block of proteins
Amino acids
76
DNA to mRNA
Transcription
77
mRNA to tRNA
Translation
78
Groups of 3
Codons
79
- Creates somatic cells with 46 chromosomes
- goes through one round of division
- 46-->92-->2 cells of 46
Meiosis
80
- Creates sex cells with only 23 chromosomes
- Goes through a second round of division
- -46-->92-->2 cells of 46-->4 cells of 23
Mitosis
81
Process of doubling the number of chromosomes in a cell
46-> 2 identical cells of 46
DNA replication
82
Copies of each other
Chromatids
83
Holds the copies together
Centromeres
84
Interphase
- G0- normal function
- G1- growth
- S-growth and DNA synthesis
- G2growth and final preparation for division
85
Cytoplasm divides into 2 identical cells
Cytokinesis
86
Prophase
- Chromatin gets short and fat and are called chromosomes
- centrioles move to the poles
- spindle fibers attach to chromosomes at centromere
- nuclear membrane disappears
87
Metaphase
92 chromosomes line up at the equator
88
Anaphase
- Centromeres divide
| - chromosomes pull towards the poles evenly
89
Telophase
- chromosomes are at the poles
- chromosomes turn into chromatin (long and thin)
- nuclear membrane reappears
- cytokinesis occurs by the process called "cleaving"
90
Mitotic rate:
Skin-
Muscle and nerve-
Fast
| Very slow
91
Unspecialized cells that form new cells by division
Stem cells
92
Can turn into anything if exposed to the right chemicals
Embryonic
93
Creates new cells, but only for a specific type
Adult
94
Uncontrolled increase of cells, higher rates of cell division, more produced than die off
Cancer
95
Swelling due to the cell growth
Tumor
96
Non threatening, remains in tissue
Benign
97
Dangerous, move to other tissues
Malignant
98
Growth of cancerous cells from a tissue into a new area
Metastasis
99
Genes that encourage cancer and growth of cells
Oncogenes
100
What are the 6 types of membrane proteins?
```
Anchoring
Recognition
Enzymes
Receptor
Carrier
Channel
```
101
If interstitial fluid has a high concentration of water in it what would it be called and what will cells in it do?
Osmosis would take place and they would move to lower concentrations
102
How are DNA and RNA different?
DNA-controls gentic make up
- adenine-thymine
- guanine-cytosine
- double helix
- deoxyribose
RNA-protein production
- adenine-uracil
- guanine-cytosine
- single strand
- ribose sugar
103
Describe what is happening if a blood cell is carrying out Phagocytosis endocytosis.
Sacs of food or solids going in
104
Process of DNA replication
- Process of doubling the number of chromosomes in a cell
- chromatids-copies of each other
- centromeres-holds the copies together
