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Anatomy and Physiology > Metabolism > Flashcards

Metabolism Flashcards

0
Q

Cellular respiration/fermentation are catabolic or anabolic pathways? What does this mean?

A

Catabolic

They release energy b|c they break something down

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1
Q

Cell metabolism=

A

Catabolism (release of energy)
Anabolism (requires energy)

-breaking down; building up

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2
Q

What makes something a nucleotide?

A

Sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous bases

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3
Q

Which phosphate in atp has most energy

A

Third one; it’s the first to break off when ATP becomes ADP + Pi

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4
Q

ATP is a polymer of …. ?

A

Nucleotides

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5
Q

What is the general overview of cellular respiration?

A

Takes energy from food we eat and stores it in ATP. Refers to the oxidation of glucose as the fuel!!!!

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6
Q

Exergonic

A

release energy

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7
Q

Oxidation

A

partial or complet loss of electrons

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8
Q

What breaks down ATP into ADP+Pi?

A

Enzyme called ATPase

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9
Q

Phosphorylated

A

Compound is more reactive; still getting energy

ATP –> ADP+Pi+energy

The third phosphate enzymatically breaks off and phosphorylates (gives its energy) to another compound ex: muscle.

The Pi eventually falls off and can be used again to make ATP

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10
Q

REDOX Reactions

A

Release energy when electrons move closer to electronegative atoms.

A short reference to: oxidation-reduction reactions which involves the partial or complete transfer of electrons from on reactant to another.

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11
Q

Reduction

A

Partial or complete gain of electrons

electrons=negative so if you GAIN electrons, the charge is REDUCED

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12
Q

Every time an electron moves/is transferred…

A

It loses energy

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13
Q

What is oxygen’s role in terms of REDOX reactions?

A

It is really electronegative so it pulls electrons toward it which causes electrons to give off energy

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14
Q

What is the chemical formula for glucose?

A

C6H12O6

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15
Q

Do we always lose energy when we get it from something?

A

YES- transfer is never 100%

We give off lost energy in HEAT (that’s why body is warm)

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16
Q

Can REDOX reactions occur in bacteria?

A

Yes but they use Nitrogen gas from the air instead of oxygen

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17
Q

How does a GENERALIZED REDOX reaction work?

A

electron transfer between a donor and an acceptor so, when one is oxidized the other is reduced

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18
Q

Reducing agent

A

The substance being oxidized (giving up the electron) because it is REDUCING another substance by giving that electron to that other substance (which is being reduced)

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19
Q

Oxidizing agent

A

The substance being reduced (gaining the electron)

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20
Q

In REDOX reactions, why is there an electron transport chain?

A

Because electrons only give off energy when they’re moving (in humans they are moving toward O2 at the end of the chain)

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21
Q

Why do we die without oxygen?

A

Because there is nothing for electron to be attracted to so electron doesn’t move and doesn’t give off energy

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22
Q

Is the ETC a slow or fast way of burring energy?

A

Slow burn! That’s WHY we have an ETC. ETC is oxidation=breaking things down to get energy (catabolism)

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23
Q

What would happen without an ETC?

A

The cell wouldn’t have enough time to catch energy

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24
Q

What are good sources of energy (Carbs, protein, or fat) and why?

A

Carbs and fats because they have a lot of C-H bonds which both lose potential energy as they move closer to electroneg. atoms

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25
Q

What do enzymes do for the activation energy used to start chemical reactions? (ADP+Pi= ATP)

A

Enzymes lower the activation energy so that the oxidized glucose may pass through Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle in a stepwise fashion

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26
Q

In sugar burned (oxidized) slowly or quickly? WHY?

A

Slowly bc if it was quick we wouldn’t be able to catch the released energy

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27
Q

What are the three acts?

A

Act 1- Glycolysis
Act 2- Krebs (citric acid) cycle
Act 3- Electron transport cycle

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28
Q

Substrate

A

What enzymes work on

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29
Q

Are enzyme apart of the product?

A

NO! they are just match makers that speed up the RATE of a reaction

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30
Q

Where does Glycolysis occur?

A

In the cytoplasm/cytosol

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31
Q

Does Glycolysis require oxygen?

A
  • NO oxygen required (fermentation/ANAEROBIC)

- Catabolic (yields energy)

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32
Q

How many ATP is produced from Glycolysis?

A

It makes 4 BUT the process requires to so we only get TWO ATP out of it

33
Q

What does glyco- in glycolysis tell us but this act?

A

glyco= sugar

glycolysis is the first step in getting energy out of sugar; this stage splits the sugar in half as soon as it comes into the cell (cytoplasm).

34
Q

What are the phases of glycolysis?

A

The formula for glucose= C6 H12 O6

PHASE 1: So, we start with 6 CARBONS and need TWO ATP (activation energy)
PHASE 2: don’t have to know
PHASE 3:
-Have 2 NAD+ (becomes NADH+H+ which is more energy-rich) and 2 ADP+Pi (makes 4 ATP)
-2 Piruvic acids are formed that go to the Krebs (citric acid) cycle
-Lactic acid may be produced during fermentation

35
Q

NAD+(less energy) + 2H —–> NADH + H+ (energy-rich)

A

Go to ACE

36
Q

NAD+

A

first molecule on ETC; co-enzyme

assists enzymes in electron transfer during metabolic REDOX reactions

37
Q

In short, what does Glycolysis produce?

A

4 ATP (use 2) and NADH used to get more ATP in further acts

Partially oxidizes glucose (C6) into 2 pyruvate (3C) molecules

38
Q

Are hydrogen atoms stripped from glucose transferred directly to oxygen?

A

NO! they get passed a the electron accepter NAD+ in the electron transport chain

39
Q

Co-enzyme

A

A small non-protein molecule thats required for certain enzymes to function

40
Q

Is carbon dioxide released as glucose is oxidized to pyruvate?

A

NO

All carbon in glucose can be accounted for in the 2 molecules of pyruvate

41
Q

NAD+ as an oxidizing reagent

A

(being reduced)

NAD+ functions as an oxidizing reagent during glucose oxidation; it traps energy-rich electrons from glucose

42
Q

Dehydrogenases

A

The enzymes that NAD+ assist

  • They remove a pair (2) hydrogen atoms (2 protons, 2 electrons) from substrate
  • deliver 2 electrons an done proton to NAD+ (becomes NADH + H+)
  • release remaining proton into surrounding medium

NAD+ +2H ——-> NADH + H+
(neutral)

43
Q

NAD+ vs. NADH

A 
NAD+ 
Oxidized coenzyme (net positive charge since lost electron)
NADH
Reduced coenzyme (electrically neutral bc gets one H)
44
Q

FAD

A

Also a co-enzyme like NAD+

45
Q

Substrate - level phosphorylation

A

the mechanism of producing ATP during Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle

(Remember: substrate means NAD+ was involved so we know glycolysis and krebs)

46
Q

Oxidative - level phosphorylation

A

ATP production resulting from the movement of electrons down the electron transport chain (ETC)

Get the most ATP here

(Remember: Oxidative means REDOX reactions= ETC)
(Phosphorylation= ADP is getting a phosphate to make ATP)

47
Q

Where does the Kreb’s (citric acid) cycle occur?

A

In the mitochondrial matrix

48
Q

What is the junction between glycolysis and krebs?

A

The oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA

Therefore, Krebs (aka citric acid) starts when citric acid is made

49
Q

Where is most of the energy from glucose at the end of glycolysis?

A

Still stored in the 2 pyruvate molecules

50
Q

What happens to the pyruvate when oxygen is present?

A

It enters the mitochondrion where it’s completely oxidized by a series of enzyme-controlled reactions (krebs)

51
Q

What happens to each 3carbon pyruvate after glycolysis?

A

3c—-> 2c (Acetyl CoA)
CO2 comes off
thats how it becomes
2c
Acetyl CoA (2c) combines with Oxaloacetic Acid (4c) = 6c (Citric Acid)
CO2 comes off reducing it to 5c
(Alphaketoglutaric Acid)
CO2 comes off reducing it back to 4c (Oxaloacetic Acid)

Goes back to beginning when it combines with new acetyl CoA from new glucose molecule

This whole thing occurs TWICE for each pyruvate producing TWO ATP TOTAL in end

52
Q

Acetyl Acid CoA

A

First acid in Kreb’s

2 Carbons

53
Q

Oxaloacetic Acid

A

2nd acid in Kreb’s (standing by)

4 Carbons

54
Q

Citric acid

A

3rd acid in Krebs (Acetyl + Oxaloacetic)

6 Carbons

55
Q

Alphaketoglutaric Acid

A

4th acid in Krebs (formed by citric losing c as CO2)

5 Carbons

56
Q

Is kreb’s exergonic or endergonic?

A

Exergonic- releases energy to reduce coenzymes (NAD+ and FAD) and phosphorylate ADP (substrate-level phosphorylation)

57
Q

Where is most of the energy from glucose at the end of the Krebs?

A

In molecules of NADH and FADH2

58
Q

What does NADH do for glycolysis AND krebs

A

NADH (reduced coenzymes) link glycolysis and krebs to electron transport chain to oxygen

59
Q

Does Act 3 (ETC) make NADH?

A

No

60
Q

Where does the ETC occur?

A

In the inner membrane of the mitochondrion (CRISTAE)

61
Q

GENERALLY what does ETC do?

A

Accepts energized electrons from reduced coenzymes (NADH and FADH2) that are harvested in glycolysis and krebs

62
Q

What is oxygens role in the ETC?

A

It pulls electrons down the ETC toward it where there’s lower energy

Makes 90% of ATP (oxidative phosphorylation)

63
Q

What is the ETC composed of?

A

A series of electron-carrier molecules built in to the mitochondrial inner membrane (cristae)

64
Q

What do the electron-carrier molecules in ETC do?

A

Accept energy-rich electrons from NADH and pass them along chain until they reach oxygen

65
Q

What happens when the oxygen at the end of ETC gets the electrons?

A

It gets the electrons (2 hydrogen nuclei- dehydrogenation) to form water H2O (waste)

66
Q

Is ETC exergonic or endergonic?

A

Exergonic bc energy is released along the way

67
Q

Does Krebs use oxygen?

A

NO, not directly
BUT it does require aerobic conditions
ETC and oxidative phosphorylation ARE what USE oxygen as final acceptor

68
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

The mechanism for coupling exergonic electron flow from the oxidation of food to the endergonic process of oxidative phosphorylation

69
Q

Strict (obligate) aerobes

A

Organisms that REQUIRE oxygen as the final electron acceptor for growth

70
Q

Strict (obligate) Anaerobes

A

Organisms that live ONLY in the ABSENCE of oxygen

71
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

Make their ATP by either fermentation OR respiration (facilitate either way)

72
Q

Proteins and cellular respiration

A

Deamination if amino acids allows entry into cellular respiration

73
Q

Fats and cellular respiration

3 fatty acids and glycerol

A

Products enter cellular respiration at the glycolysis level from glycerol OR as Acetyl CoA

74
Q

ATP synthetase

A

protein complex containing enzyme which makes ATP using the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane (powers ATP synthesis)

75
Q

Cytochromes

A

some of the carrier molecules that act as electron carriers in the ETC

76
Q

Whats the first step of Fermentation

A

glycolysis

77
Q

What is fermentation (under anaerobic conditions)

A

Doesnt use oxygen; pyruvate is reduced and NAD+ is regenerated . This prevents the cell from depleting (using up) the pool of NAD+, which is the oxidizing agent for glycolysis to continue. No additional ATP produced

78
Q

Under aerobic conditions…

A

pyruvate is oxidized further and more ATP is made as NADH passes electrons removed from glucose to the ETC. NAD+ is regenerated in the process.

79
Q

Is fermentation efficient?

A

Not really; far less ATP produced than by aerobic conditions

80
Q

What is the final acceptor in fermentation?

A

An organic compound (ex: protein, fat, carb)

Anatomy and Physiology (16 decks)

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