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Anatomy and Physiology > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

0
Q

Give ex of each of the five bones

A
  1. Long- femur
  2. Short- tarsal
  3. Flat- parietal
  4. Irregular- vertebra
  5. Sesamoid (round)- patella
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1
Q

Five types of bone

A
  1. Long
  2. Short
  3. Flat
  4. Irregular
  5. Sesamoid
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2
Q

Glycosaminolgycans (gags)

A

Organic matter in bone

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3
Q

Hydroxyapatite

A

Only found in bone!!

Inorganic; mineral

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4
Q

Relationship btwn skeleton and calcium

A

Skeleton is reservoir of calcium, it stores extra

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5
Q

Lamellae

A

Layers

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6
Q

Concentric circles

A

Rings start out small and get larger toward outside

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7
Q

What kind of tissue is bone

A

CT

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8
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

Hyaline cartilage; where your bone grew from as you grew; forms a model for bone to replace

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9
Q

Osteogenic cells

A

Will eventually give rise to bone

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10
Q

Osteon

A

Basic stuctural unit of compact bone

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11
Q

Does periosteum rot

A

Yes over time

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12
Q

Medullary cavity

A

Cavity inside bone

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13
Q

Bone salts are located ?

A

In the matrix

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14
Q

What are 2 bone salts and what do they do

A

Calcium carbonate and hydroxyapatite (unique to bone!!!)

Make bone hard

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15
Q

2 diff btwn bone and cartilage

A

Bone has concentric rings

Cartilage has chondroblasts, bones has osteoblasts (both sit in lacunae)

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16
Q

Is bone vascular?

A

Yes

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17
Q

What is in the middle of each osteon?

A

Central canal (Haversion)

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18
Q

Another name for central canal

A

Haversion canal

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19
Q

What tissue are the rings in osteon

A

CT

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20
Q

Where are osteocytes located?

A

In lacunae in between concentric circles

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21
Q

Perforating (volkmann’s) canal

A

Enter bone from outside and inside feeding into Haversian systems carrying nerves and blood vessels

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22
Q

Sharpey’s fibers

A

Keep periosteum so strong and from peeling off; anchor it

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23
Q

Where is red marrow

A

Spongy bone

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24
Q

Canaliculi

A

Canals btwn lacunae of ossified bone; osteocytes project into them

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25
Q

What kind of marrow is in the medullary cavity?

A

Yellow marrow

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26
Q

How many vertebrae are there?

A

33

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27
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are there and what are the first 2 specifically called?

A

7

Atlas
Axis

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28
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are there

A

12

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29
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae are there

A

5

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30
Q

How many sacrum vertebrae are there

A

5 (fused)

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31
Q

How many coccyx are there?

A

4 (fused)

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32
Q

Articulate

A

Put together; where they meet

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33
Q

Facet

A

Face

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34
Q

Process

A

Projection or outgrowth of tissue from after body

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36
Q

Tubercle

A

Nodule/small eminence, especially one on a bone for attachment of a tendon

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37
Q

What percent of our skeletal system being broken down and remade in one year?

A

25%

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38
Q

Smallest bones in the body

A

3 ear bones

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39
Q

Hyoid bone

A

Floating bone; only bone not connected to anything

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40
Q

What kind of cartilage is the articular cartilage at the ends of long bones (epiphysis)?

A

Hyaline

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41
Q

What kind of cartilage is in the ribs?

A

Costal (fibrocartilage)

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42
Q

Another name for the body of vertebrae

A

Centrum

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43
Q

What are four main functions of bone?

A

Support/protection, body movement, inorganic salt storage, and blood cell formation

Hint: SIP ‘double’ B

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44
Q

How many bones are in the adult

A

206

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45
Q

How many bones in newborn

A

270

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46
Q

Axial skeleton consists of:

A

skull, middle-ear bones, hyoid, rib cage, vertebral column, and sternum

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47
Q

Appendicular skeleton consists of:

A

upper/lower extremities, and the pectoral and pelvic girdles

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48
Q

Diaphysis

A

shaft of long bone

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49
Q

Epiphysis

A

ends of long bone

50
Q

Trabeculae

A

slender plates of spongy bone

51
Q

Function of osteoblasts

A

Make bone by making matrix (concentric circles); store calcium in bone; (become osteocytes)

52
Q

Where are osteogenic cells?

A

Endosteum, inner periosteum, and the Haversian canals; only source of new cells of osteoblasts and osteocytes

53
Q

Osteocytes

A

osteoblasts trapped in bone matrix; remain active in maintenance of bone

54
Q

Osteoclasts

A

bone-DISSOLVING cells that form by fusion of monocytes; break down bone and release its minerals to the blood

55
Q

What comes out of bone when osteoclasts break it down?

A

minerals; calcium

56
Q

As you get older you get (more/less?) osteoclasts

A

more

57
Q

What helps you to absorb calcium

A

Vitamin D

58
Q

What systems won’t work without calcium

A

muscular, skeletal, and nervous

59
Q

Organic matter in bone

A

collagen, GAGS, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins

60
Q

Mineral components in bone

A

ESPECIALLY hydroxyapatite (unique to bone) and calcium carbonate; phosphate

61
Q

How are lamellae of bone arranged

A

concentric circles around Haversian canals

62
Q

Within the lamellae of concentric rings lie the…..

A

lacuna with osteocytes

63
Q

Canaliculi

A

Extend between adjacent lamellae

64
Q

Do red blood cells have nuclei

A

NOOOOOO

65
Q

Do RBC divide when out of marrow?

A

NOOOOOO

66
Q

What is RBC main function

A

to transport oxygen

67
Q

In children, red marrow also called ___? is _____ and resides where?

A

also called myeloid tissue is hemopoietic (blood maker) and fills the medullary cavity

68
Q

Myeloid

A

pertaining to the marrow

69
Q

Hemopoietic

A

formation of blood/blood cells

70
Q

Where is most of the marrow in adults? (age 30)

A

in the medullary cavity; its YELLOW marrow that stores fat (long bones)

71
Q

In older adults (age 70), what is yellow marrow mostly replaced with?

A

Gelatinous marrow- no tremendous function; bones become more fragile

72
Q

Ossification

A

making of bone

73
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

Occurs within a membrane of soft tissue that represents the location of a future flat bone (ref. to skull). Its cells differentiate into osteogenic cells and osteoblasts, (in skull of fetus) and trabecular are formed

74
Q

What did the bones of the skull used to be?

A

membrane of soft tissue

75
Q

How do osteoblasts form bone?

A

they form on the trabecular and lay down an organic matrix and deposit calcium phosphate within it; when trapped, they become osteocytes.

76
Q

Achondriatic dwarfism

A

cartilage stops diving so bones won’t grow anymore

77
Q

Endochondrial ossification

A

bone formation using a cartilage model. in the center of the model is the primary ossification center where lacunae enlarge and minerals are deposited around them. (cartilage becomes bone)

78
Q

Whats the primary ossification center for endochondral ossification?

A

cells of the PERICHONDRIUM develop into a periosteum (bone lining) where osteogenic cells and osteoblasts produce bone on the OUTSIDE of the model

79
Q

Where on the cartilage model is bone produced

A

Outside of it

80
Q

What is formed on the inside in the center of the cartilage model in endochondral ossification

A

A primary marrow space is formed

81
Q

What is the metaphysis?

A

The transition between the head of hyaline cartilage and the primary marrow space; “meta-“ = middle and “-physis” = to grow

82
Q

How many zones does the metaphysis exhibit that represent the stages of ossification

A

5

83
Q

Where do secondary ossification centers form at birth?

A

In the epiphyses of long bones

84
Q

What happens to the epiphysis at the secondary ossification center

A

It’s hollowed out from the center outward and is replaced by bone

85
Q

Where does cartilage remain until adulthood?

A

at the epiphyseal plate

86
Q

Deficiency of vitamin A

A

retards bone development

87
Q

deficiency of vitamin C

A

results in fragile bones

88
Q

deficiency of vitamin D

A

rickets: metabolic disorder: phosphorous/calcium

osteomalacia= bone softening

89
Q

osteomalacia

A

bone softening

90
Q

Excess of vitamin A

A

cause lysosome cells to burst prematurely

91
Q

Insufficient growth hormone

A

dwarfism

92
Q

excessive growth hormone

A

gigantism

93
Q

insufficient thyroid hormone

A

delays bone growth

94
Q

sex hormones

A

promote bone formation: stimulate ossification of epiphyseal plates

95
Q

physical stress

A

stimulates bone growth

96
Q

Resorption

A

the process of dissolving bone to release its minerals to the BLOODSTREAM
Osteoclasts dissolve bone

97
Q

What do osteoclasts dissolve bone with

A

Acid phosphatase

98
Q

The skeleton serves as a reservoir for…

A

calcium, phosphorus, and other minerals that play important roles in physiology

99
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

excessively low calcium concentration that causes the nervous system to become hyper excitable (lose ability to stay calm)

100
Q

What can result from hypocalcemia

A

muscle tetany

101
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

excessive calcium which can cause nervous system depression and sometimes cardiac arrest

102
Q

Calcium storage

A

into bone

103
Q

calcium resorption

A

into blood

104
Q

What controls balance between calcium storage and calcium resorption?

A

Two hormones:

calcitonin and parathyroid hormone (PTH)

105
Q

calcitonin

A

Acts t o LOWER blood levels of calcium by stimulating osteoblasts and inhibiting osteoclasts

calci[ton]in= TONE it down, too much calcium

106
Q

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

A

Raises blood calcium when it drops too low; stimulates osteoclasts, lessens urinary excretion of calcium, and stimulated the synthesis of vitamin D

107
Q

Where is body is vitamin D produced?

A

skin, liver, and kidney; need it from an outside source

108
Q

Calcitrol

A

most active form of vitamin D; produced together by the skin (with UV light), live, and kidney

109
Q

What does calcitrol promote?

A

Intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate while reducing urinary elimination of these minerals

110
Q

Hematoma

A

Bruise; can result from bone fracture from torn blood vessels

111
Q

Order of healing of bone fractures

A

hematoma—> soft granulation tissue forms as blood vessels grow into hematoma —> macrophages remove debris —> fibroblasts deposit collagen—-> chondroblasts form fibrocartilage callus (soft first, replaced w/ bony tissue)

112
Q

How long is the area of a fracture remodeled?

A

3-4 months until broken bone fragments are resorbed

113
Q

Two ways fractures may be set by

A
  1. closed reduction- no surgery; caste

2. open reduction- surgical placement of bones using pins and plates

114
Q

Orthopedics

A

branch of medicine dealing with injuries/disorders of bones, joints, and muscles

115
Q

Osteoporosis

A

MOST COMMON bone disease in which bone lose mass and become brittle

116
Q

Whose most prone to osteoporosis

A

elderly, postmenopausal white women (black women rarely afflicted)

117
Q

Kyphosis

A

From osteoporosis, spine becomes compressed

118
Q

Disuse osteoporosis

A

occurs at any age due to immobilization or inadequate weight-bearing exercise

119
Q

Reasons for falls among elderly

A

frailty, decrease in muscle strength, decreased coordination; side effects of medicine; slowed reaction time due to stiffening joints; poor vision and/or hearing, disease (cancer, arthritis, infection)

120
Q

Organic matter in bone

A

GAGS

121
Q

Inorganic matter in bone

A

Mineral- hydroxyapatite; calcium carbonate (bone salts)

Anatomy and Physiology (16 decks)

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