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Anatomy and Physiology > Nervous System 1 > Flashcards

Nervous System 1 Flashcards

0
Q

How many nerve pairs in PNS

A

43

12 pairs of cranial nerves (bypass spinal cord)
31 pairs of spinal nerves

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1
Q

Two subdivisions of the nervous system

A

CNS (brain and spinal cord)

Peripheral NS (PNS) - nerves leading to and from CNS

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2
Q

3 functions of NS

A

Sensory
Integrative
Responsive

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3
Q

Sensory

A

Detection of internal/external changes

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4
Q

Integrative

A

To decide on a course of action

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5
Q

Responsive

A

Motor neurons –> adjustments

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6
Q

Plastic

A

Changeable/mold-able

-the brain is plastic

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7
Q

What controls entire body?

A

nervous (fast) and endocrine systems (hormones- more slowly)

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8
Q

3 properties of nerve cells

A

Excitability, conductivity, and secretion of neurotransmitters and other chemical messengers

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9
Q

How and how fast does the nervous system transmit messages?

A

Using both electrical impulses and neurotransmitters at great speed (1-10 msec.)

Go/stop very quickly

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10
Q

Are NS effects local? When does the response stop?

A

It’s effects are relatively local and the response stops when the stimulus ceases

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11
Q

In the NS, what does prolonged stimulation result in?

A

Adaptation

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12
Q

How does the endocrine system send messages?

A

Send chemical messages (hormones) into the bloodstream that are generally much slower to act

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13
Q

Diff between where NS messages go and endocrine messages go

A

NS- effects are relatively local

Endocrine- send chemical messages (hormones) into bloodstream

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14
Q

What can responses in endocrine system be?

A

Systemic (affects entire body)- are slow to adapt and last long after the stimulation ceases

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15
Q

Exception to endocrine responded being systemic- slow to adapt and last long after stim ceases

A

Adrenaline (epinephrine)

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16
Q

Neuroglia

A

Cell of nervous system that’s NOT neurons

Helper cells of nervous tissue; bind neurons together and provide a supportive framework among other functions.

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17
Q

How many neuroglia are there compared to neurons and what do they NOT do?

A

They outnumber neurons 50 to 1

They do NOT conduct an impulse

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18
Q

6 types of neuroglia

A

Schwann cells (PNS), satellite cells (PNS), oligodendrocytes (CNS), astrocytes (CNS), ependymal cells (CNS), and Microglia (CNS).

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19
Q

Schwann cells

A

(Neuroglia in PNS)

Form neurilemma (membrane) around all cells they cover and often a myelin sheath around neuron fibers they cover in successive wrappings. Necessary for the regeneration of cut neurons.

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20
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Not every nerve has this; light in color fat

Cover neurons so impulse can move very fast

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21
Q

How do schwann cells make myelin

A

Make concentric circles around nerve

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22
Q

Gaps of Schwann cells are called ..

A

Nodes of ranvier

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23
Q

Covered sections of schwann cells are called…

A

Internodes

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24
Q

Satellite cells in PNS

A

Little is known of their function

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25
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

Electrical impulse on myelinated cell

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26
Q

Where on a neuron does myelin cover

A

Axon NEVER dendrites

Both neurilemma and myelin around one axon

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27
Q

What do you need to repair nerves

A

Need schwann cells

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28
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

(Neuroglia- CNS)

Name=a few branches
Form myelin sheaths in CNS and wrap several cells
**Saltatory conduction is possible here also

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29
Q

Can one oligodendrocyte myelinate many axons?

A

YES

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30
Q

Astrocytes

A

(Neuroglia- CNS)

  • Abundant, star-shaped cells in CNS
  • In contact with endothelial cells (doesn’t conduct electrical impulse)
  • produce some factors that encourage some stem cells to become transformed into neurons; under specific lab conditions, some stem cells can be coaxed into becoming astrocytes
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31
Q

What USED to be the believed function of astrocytes

A

We’re believed to be a major component of the blood brain barrier.

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32
Q

What is the blood brain barrier now recognized for

A

It’s recognized to be more attributable to tight junctions and the basal lamina of the endothelium in the brain

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33
Q

Ventricles

A

Spaces in the brain (4) lines with epithelium inside; there are ependymal cells that make cerebral spinal fluid

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34
Q

Ependymal cells

A

(CNS- nueroglia)

Helper cells- Produce and circulate cerebral spinal fluid (CSF); lines cavities in brain and spinal cord; MAY BE CILIATED

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35
Q

Microglia

A

(Neuroglia-CNS)

Helper cells- Small mobile macrophages develop from monocytes (wbc) and wander freely through CNS

get rid of waste

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36
Q

Soma/perikaryon

A

Control center of neuron (cell body) contains the nucleus and nucleolus, Nissl bodies (rough ER), supportive neurofibrils, and pigment (lipofuscin or “aging bodies”)

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37
Q

Nissl bodies (rough ER)

A

Contain ribosomes that make protein- makes something

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38
Q

Lipofuscin

A

“Aging bodies”

In soma of neuron; a harmless by-product of lysosomal breakdown (so by this we can tell how old a neuron is)

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39
Q

How can we tell how old a neuron is

A

By looking at the soma where there is lipofuscin (aging bodies)

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40
Q

What do mature neurons lack?

A

Centrioles and do not undergo mitosis past adolescence (neurons generally don’t divide)

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41
Q

Major cytoplasmic inclusions

A

(Not membrane bound)

Glycogen granules
Lipid droplets
Melanin (pigment)
Lipofuscin

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42
Q

Dendrites

A

Cellular extensions from the cell body that have receptors for neurotransmitters and recover signals from other neurons

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43
Q

Axon hillock

A

Gives rise to axon; axons vary greatly in length and end in a synaptic end bulb through which neurotransmitters are passed to the next neuron

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44
Q

Large neural fibers

A

In neuron, conduct impulses more rapidly than small ones

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45
Q

Myelinated fibers

A

Whitish color, FASTER than those that are non-myelinated bc ability to do Saltatory conduction

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46
Q

Collateral

A

Even if neuron is cut, it can use “side roads” to get where it needs to go.

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47
Q

can axons split?

A

Yes

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48
Q

Bipolar neuron

A

Neurons with one axon and one dendrite

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49
Q

Unipolar

A

(Ganglia outside CNS)

Neurons with one extension from the soma, branches shortly thereafter: peripheral process and central process.

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50
Q

Multipolar neuron

A

Neurons with one axon and several

dendrites (most common type)

51
Q

Sensory neuron

A

Conducts nerve impulses from receptors in peripheral body parts into the brain or spinal cord

52
Q

Interneuron

A

Transmits nerve impulses between neurons within the brain and spinal cord

53
Q

Motor neuron

A

Conducts nerve impulses from the brain or spinal cord out to effectors-muscles or glands

54
Q

What kind of neurons are mostly unipolar

A

Somatic sensory neurons (eye, ear, nose)

55
Q

Peripheral process

A

Unipolar branch to these dendrites near peripheral body part

56
Q

Central process

A

Unipolar neurons branch to this where it enters the brain or spinal cord

57
Q

How are neurons classified

A

According to the number of extensions arising from the soma (all one way conduction- cant go back)

58
Q

Axon all transport in neurons

A

Refers to the ways in which material within a neuron is moved (way things move in the cytoplasm)

59
Q

Anterograde

A

(Axonal transport)

Movement away from the soma (cell body, perikaryon) toward axon

60
Q

Retrograde

A

(Retro=back)

Movement towards the soma (perikaryon, cell body)

61
Q

Can peripheral nerve fibers regenerate

A

Sometimes if the soma is not damages and some of the neurilemma remains intact (must be in close proximity). Need nucleus !

62
Q

Neurilemma’s role in regeneration

A

It forms a regeneration tube through which the growing axon re-establishes its connection (allows axon to reconnect where it broke off)

63
Q

What happens when a damaged nerve fiber originally led to a skeletal muscle

A

The muscle atrophies (shrivels/shrinks) in the absence of innervation but may under some circumstances grow when the connection is re-established

64
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

At resting potential neurons are polarized with a resting membrane potential (RMP) of -70mV

*every cell in body

65
Q

What contributes some RMP

A

Sodium-potassium pump; accounts for 70% of energy requirements of nervous system

66
Q

Why is an electrical charge called a potential

A

Because it has the POTENTIAL to make charged particles move

67
Q

Local potential

A
  • Small deviation in the RMP caused by a stimulation

- something that can make charge a little more excitatory but it doesn’t continue (not permanent)

68
Q

What are 4 attributes of local potentials

A

Graded, decremental, ineffective beyond a short distance, irreversible

69
Q

Are local potentials excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Can be either or

70
Q

Na+ to K+ ratio

A

3:2

Cell is more negative on inside, positive on outside

71
Q

First known neurotransmitter

A

Acetylcholine

72
Q

How do neurons, muscle cells, and Neuroglia communicate

A

Through gap junctions

73
Q

How is much communication in nervous system accomplished?

A

neurotransmitters

74
Q

presynaptic neuron

A 
before synapse (axon)
houses the vesicles filled with neurotransmitter in its synaptic knob
75
Q

postsynaptic neuron

A

(proteins embedded in membrane)

contains no specializations other than proteins that function as receptors and ion gates

76
Q

end plate in muscle

A

Motor end plate

77
Q

End plate in neuron

A

Dendrites

78
Q

Innocuous

A

Harmless

79
Q

Can cells have receptors anywhere else other than dendrites?

A

Some cells have receptors in cell body; can skip over dendrites, usually happens with multiple nerve impulses

80
Q

How many neurotransmitters are there?

A

Over 100 diff chemicals (about 120)

81
Q

4 major neurotransmitters

A
  1. Acetylcholine
  2. Epinephrine (adrenaline)
  3. Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
    4 serotonin
82
Q

Neuropeptides

A

NOT neurotransmitter !!!

Doesn’t originate in axon, short chain of amino acids that may modify neurotransmitter activity (can effect synapse)

83
Q

Cholinergic synapse

A

Mediated by acetylcholine

84
Q

Presynaptic neuron

A

Transmits an impulse to its synaptic knob—> synaptic vesicles—> ACh—> cleft

85
Q

Post synaptic neuron

A

ACh binds to gated channa causing them to open; sodium and potassium cross the membrane —> a local postsynaptic potential (PSP) is

86
Q

What will the postsynaptic potential (PSP) do if it’s strong enough

A

Opens voltage-gated ion channels, causing the neuron to fire

87
Q

How do synaptic vesicles move to the end of the neuron to release neurotransmitters

A

By calcium ions

88
Q

Acetylcholine

CNS, PNS, both?

A

Neurotransmitter
CNS- involved in control of skeletal muscle actions
PNS- stimulates skeletal muscle contraction at neuromuscular junctions. Excite or inhibit in autonomic nervous system actions depending on receptors

89
Q

Dopamine

CNS, PNS, both?

A

Neurotransmitter
CNS- creates a sense of feeling good; deficiency in some brain areas associated with Parkinson’s disease
PNS- don’t need to know

90
Q

Serotonin

CNS, PNS, both?

A

Neurotransmitter

CNS- primarily inhibitory; leads to sleepiness; enhanced by Prozac (SSRI)

91
Q

Substance P

CNS, PNS, both?

A

Neurotransmitter

PNS- excitatory; results in perception of pain (increase pain perception)

92
Q

Endorphins enkephalins

CNS, PNS, both?

A

Neurotransmitter

CNS- generally inhibitory; reduce pain by inhibiting substance P release

93
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

—>Symptoms/Neurotransmitter imbalance/excess?

A
  • Deficient acetylcholine

- memory loss, depression, disorientation, dementia, hallucinations, death

94
Q

Clinical depression

—>Symptoms/Neurotransmitter imbalance/excess?

A
  • Deficient norepinephrine and/or serotonin

- debilitating, inexplicable sadness

95
Q

Hypersomnia

—>Symptoms/Neurotransmitter imbalance/excess?

A
  • excess serotonin

- excessive sleeping

96
Q

Insomnia

—>Symptoms/Neurotransmitter imbalance/excess?

A
  • deficient serotonin

- inability to sleep

97
Q

Mania

—>Symptoms/Neurotransmitter imbalance/excess?

A
  • excess norepinephrine

- elation, irritability, over talkativeness, increased movements

98
Q

Parkinson’s disease

—>Symptoms/Neurotransmitter imbalance/excess?

A
  • deficient dopamine

- tremors of hands, slowed movements, muscle rigidity

99
Q

Tryptophan

—> neurotransmitter affected, mechanism of action, effect

A
  • affects serotonin
  • stimulates neurotransmitter synthesis
  • sleepiness
100
Q

Curare

—> neurotransmitter affected, mechanism of action, effect

A
  • acetylcholine
  • decreases neurotransmitter in synaptic cleft
  • muscle paralysis
101
Q

Nicotine

—> neurotransmitter affected, mechanism of action, effect

A
  • acetylcholine
  • stimulates synthesis of enzyme that degrades neurotransmitter (acetylcholinesterace)
  • increases alertness
102
Q

Cocaine

—> neurotransmitter affected, mechanism of action, effect

A
  • norepinephrine
  • blocks re uptake
  • euphoria (false sense of well being)
103
Q

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors

—> neurotransmitter affected, mechanism of action, effect

A
  • Norepinephrine
  • blocks enzymatic degradation of neurotransmitter in presynaptic cell
  • mood elevation (**cant take with SSRI- over excitation)
104
Q

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)

—> neurotransmitter affected, mechanism of action, effect

A
  • serotonin
  • blocks reuptake
  • mood elevation, anti-anxiety agent
105
Q

Cessation of the signal (via neurotransmitter)

A

-ACh binds to receptors for very short time then dissociates from it
-removal of addition neurotransmitter in synapse by:
Diffusion
Reuptake by synaptic knob
Chemical degradation by enzymatic activity

106
Q

2 examples of chemical degradation by enzymatic activity and what they do

A
  1. Acetylcholinesterace
  2. Monoamine oxidase (MAO)
    They cease the neurotransmitter signal
107
Q

What are 4 things required to qualify something as a neurotransmitter?

A

A substance must be synthesized by a presynaptic neuron (made in axon), released in response to stimulation, bind to specific receptors on postsynaptic cells, and alter the physiology of the same.

108
Q

Neuropeptides

A

But-brain peptides

109
Q

Neuromodulators

A

Hormones/neuropeptides

110
Q

Inorganic gases

A 
Nitric oxide (NO)
-this influences erections
111
Q

Summation

A

The process of adding up incoming information (nerve impulses) and responding to the net effect of it. This occurs in the AXON HILLOCK of the neuron

112
Q

Why is it said that presynaptic cells converging on a single neuron facilitate each other?

A

Because each synapse makes it easier for the others to cause firing

113
Q

Can axons form synapse with soma of another neuron

A

Yes

114
Q

Neural coding

A

The way in which the nervous system converts information to a meaningful pattern of action potentials (making a message an electrical signal)

115
Q

Recruitment

A

Aka multiple motor unit summation

-nervous system is able to judge stimulus strength by which neurons, and how many of them, are firing

116
Q

Synaptic potential (presynaptic facilitation)

A

Occurs at synapses when thought or actions occur repeatedly, producing a well-worn pathway (repetitiveness influences pathways)

117
Q

Prolonged use of a pathway causes..?

A

More calcium to accumulate in the synaptic knob, making impulse transmission easier in the future. *this is the process involved in learning

118
Q

What is the process involved in learning?

A

Prolonged use of the pathway causes more calcium to accumulate in the synaptic knob, making impulse transmission easier in the future

119
Q

Presynaptic inhibition

A

One neuron suppresses the release of neurotransmitter by another

120
Q

Neuronal pools

A

Neurons actually function in these much larger groups, filled with thousands to millions of interneurons (association neurons in CNS*)

121
Q

What happens as input fiber enters neuronal pool?

A

It branches and synapses with numerous neurons

122
Q

What is the nature of stimulus in a neuronal pool?

A

Excitatory, inhibitory, or both

123
Q

Neuronal circuit

A

The connection pathway among a series of neurons: diverging circuits, converging circuits

124
Q

Neuron convergence

A

2 neurons come together helping 1 so it can continue

125
Q

Neuron divergence

A

Neuron comes apart; one neuron helps 2 other neurons

Anatomy and Physiology (16 decks)

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