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Physiology > Brain > Flashcards

Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What do you call the layers that cover the CNS?

A

Meninges

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2
Q

How many layers are there in Meninges?

A

three

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3
Q

What are the layers of meninges called?

A

Dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater

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4
Q

Which superficial meninges actually adheres to the calvara?

A

Dura mater and its extremely thick

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5
Q

What are the functions of Meninges in the cranium?

A
  • protect the brain
  • form a framework for passage of arterial, venous and venous sinus structures
  • encloses the subarachnoid space
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6
Q

Where are the meningeal arteries and veins location in the cranium?

A

invagination within the indentations and crevices of the calvera.

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7
Q

Deep to the arachnoid layer is the subarchnoid space, what is it’s purpose?

A

CSF (cerebral spinal fluid) is found here and it surrounds the brain and it nourishes the tissues, creates buoyancy to protect

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8
Q

where is CSF formed by?

A

Choroid plexuses of the ventricular system

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9
Q

What is CSF similar to?

A

filtered version of blood, very plasma-like

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10
Q

What are the two layers of Dura mater?

A

External periosteal layer- firm and attaches to the calvaria

Internal meningeal layer- deeper layer that is continuous with dura of spinal cord

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11
Q

What is the external periosteal layer and internal meningeal layer?

A

External periosteal layer- firm and attaches to the calvaria

Internal meningeal layer- deeper layer that is continuous with dura of spinal cord

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12
Q

The internal meningeal layer invaginates in areas within the cranium to from what?

A

dural septa

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13
Q

Which dural septa dives into the longitudinal fissure?

A

Falx cerebri causing the right and left hemisphere, it being right in the middle

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14
Q

What horizontal dural septa is in between cerebellum and cerebrum to separate the occipital lobe from the cerebellum?

A

tentorium cerebelli- transverse plane

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15
Q

what vertical fold separating the right and left lobes of the cerebellum provides also support to tentorium cerebelli?

A

Falx cerebelli

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16
Q

What is a thin circular sheet of dura that covers the hypophyseal fossa and pituitary gland, and has opening for passge of intandibulum and hypophyseal vessels?

A

diaphragma sellae

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17
Q

Where is the venous structures of the brain and sometimes scalp located?

A

in between the two layers of dura mater (external periosteal and internal meningeal)

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18
Q

What does the dural venous sinuses eventually drain into?

A

internal jugular vein

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19
Q

Which is the largest dural venous sinus and where?

A

superior sagital sinus, found in the superior portion of Falx cerebri (from crista galli to internal occipital protuberence)*including also the arachnoid granulations

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20
Q

what is the arachnoid granulations?

A

villi of arachnoid mater which penetrate into dural sinuses allowing for drainage of CSF from subarachnoid space

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21
Q

Which main venous sinus do all other cranial venous sinus drain into? and how does it then leave the cranial region?

A

Superior sagital sinus then internal jugular vein

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22
Q

Where is epidural space located?

A

between cranium(calvara) and external periosteal layer of dura

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23
Q

When does true epidural space occur?

A

only occurs with pathology/ trauma ie middle meningeal artery bleed in the pterion

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24
Q

where is the pterion?

A

junction between parietal, temporal, greater wing of sphenoid, and frontal bone

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25
Q

where is the subdural space located?

A

between dura and arachnoid mater

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26
Q

Epidural space is not continuous in what structure?

A

in the spinal cord epidural space occurs without trauma

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27
Q

What is subarachnoid space?

A

space between pia mater and arachnoid mater filled with CSF

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28
Q

what are the three portions of the brain?

A

Cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem

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29
Q

What are the two material that forms the Cerebrum? which is in the deep and superficial?

A

Grey matter outside

white matter inside

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30
Q

What is Gyri?

A

convolutions in the cortex (raised areas)

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31
Q

what is Sulci?

A

grooves found between Gyri (indented areas)

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32
Q

What is fissures?

A

large clefts which separates the cerebrum

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33
Q

What is the two parts that form the cerebrum?

A 
cerebral hemispheres (L/R) 
basal ganglia
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34
Q

what separates the R/L hemisphere of the cerebrum?

A

longitudinal fissure

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35
Q

What is the only lateral sulcus in the cerebrum in the coronal plane. and where does it travel?

A

Central Sulcus. travels from lateral sulcus laterally down to the Corpus collosum medially

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36
Q

what does the central sulcus separate?

A

frontal and parietal lobe

37
Q

What are the two conditions that are involved with basal ganglia?

A

parkingson disease-bc it is in charge of modular movement. difficulty initiating movement.
huntington disease- it is opposite, unable to cease movement

38
Q

Corpus collosum what is it?

A

bundle of neuro tissue in between the R/L hemisphere

39
Q

What will the Falx cerebri and corpus collosum look like and how to differ?

A

falx cerebri is superficial and it is attached to the external periosteal layer where as corpus collosum is inbedded in between the R/L hemisphere of the cerebrum as neuro bundle tissue

40
Q

How is it possible to distinguish the central sulcus?

A

between the frontal and parietal lobe when you open it up it runs the deepest into the corpus collosum

41
Q

What is frontal lobe in charge of?

A

motor and executive function

42
Q

what is anterior to the central sulcus?

A

pre-central gyrus aka primary motor cortex

43
Q

what is pre-central gyrus aka? and what is its function?

A

AKA primary motor cortex

  • all motor activity is affected by it
  • houses the pyramidal cells of the upper motor neurons
44
Q

what is the pre-motor cortex? and it’s location? and aka?

A
  • gyrus is located anterior to the pre-central gyrus
  • aka praxis center
  • motor planning
45
Q

what do pyramidal cells do?

A

inhibitory effect of the muscles of the body. causes a limit to the autonomic contraction to stretch of tendon and muscles. CVA pts have damage to these cells therefore have high tone due to damage of these cells

46
Q

What is the Broca’s area aka? located? and function as?

A
  • aka pre-motor speech cortex
  • found along the anterior frontal lobe at the junction with temporal lobe
  • associated with dominant hemisphere
47
Q

what would lesion of Broca’s area result in?

A

expressive aphasia

48
Q

Parietal lobe is related to what function?

A

sensory function

49
Q

where is the post-central gyrus located? whats it aka?

A

posterior to central sulcus

aka primary sensory cortex

50
Q

where do all sensory information need to transmit to?

A

primary sensory cortex aka post-central gyrus

51
Q

what is just posterior to the primary sensory cortex aka post-central gyrus?

A

associative sensory cortex

52
Q

what does associative sensory cortex do?

A

coordinated understanding of senses occurs here

53
Q

where is the sensory integration cortex?

A

amongst the parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes

54
Q

occipital lobe deals primarily with what?

A

vision sense

55
Q

temporal lobe deals primarily with what?

A

auditory sense

56
Q

what does Lateral sulcus separate?

A

temporal lobe from parietal and frontal lobe

57
Q

what does Parietal-Occipital sulcus separate?

A

occipital lobe from parietal and temporal lobe

58
Q

what is temporal lobe involved in?

A

memory, olfaction, emotion, auditory processing, language comprehension

59
Q

within the temporal lobe what are the three different areas?

A

primary auditory cortex
associative auditory cortex
Wernickes area

60
Q

Which sides is the wernickes area housed?

A

the dominant side in the temporal lobe

61
Q

damage to wernickes area will result in what?

A

preceptive aphasia. unable to understand communication including others expressions

62
Q

What is occipital lobe related to?

A

vision

63
Q

what are the two areas of the occipital lobe?

A

primary visual cortex

associative visual cortex

64
Q

where is Diencephalon located?

A

between the cerebrum and brain stem

65
Q

what does the Diencephalon consist of?

A

epithalmus
thalmus
hypothalmus

66
Q

what is just inferior to the diencephalon?

A

Brainstem

67
Q

what are the three parts of the brainstem

A

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

68
Q

How is Midbrain located and what stems from it?

A

most rostal

CN III and CN IV

69
Q

How is the Pons located and what stems from it?

A

Located between midbrain and medulla oblongotta

CN V

70
Q

How is Medulla oblongata located and what stems from it?

A

most caudal and articulates with spinal cord

CN IX, X, XII emerges from it

71
Q

what emerges from in between Pons and Medulla oblongata?

A

CN VI, VII, VIII

72
Q

what connects the R/L hemispheres of Cerebellum?

A

Vermis

73
Q

What is cerebellum responsible for?

A

modulation of movement (feed forward)

74
Q

can the cerebellum affect motor activity directly?

A

no

75
Q

what is feedback system?

A

retrospectively responding

76
Q

what is feedforward?

A

anticipating the future, ie planning motor plan

77
Q

what happens when cerebellum is injured?

A

ataxia you can’t adjust movement for a change

78
Q

intoxication is effecting what part of the brain?

A

cerebellum ie cerebellar stroke has ataxia

79
Q

What occurs in the Ventricular system?

A

production and transport of CSF

80
Q

What are the 4 parts of the ventricular system?

A

Lateral ventricle (Left and right)(2)
3rd Ventricle
4th ventricle

81
Q

What is contained within the lateral ventricles?

A

choroid plexuses

82
Q

what is the three parts of the lateral ventricles?

A

anterior horn
posterior horn
lateral horn

83
Q

how does the lateral ventricles connect to 3rd ventricle?

A

interventricular foramen aka Foramen of Monro

84
Q

what is 3rd ventricle surrounded by?

A

thalmus

85
Q

what does 3rd ventricle contain?

A

choroid plexuses

86
Q

how does 3rd and 4th ventricles connect?

A

via cerebral aquaduct located in the midbrain

87
Q

Where is the 4th ventricle located?

A

in the pons and medulla oblongata

88
Q

what does the 4th ventricle continue with?

A

central canal of spinal cord

89
Q

how does the 4th ventricle connect to the subarachnoid space?

A

via median and lateral apertures

Physiology (6 decks)

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