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Physiology > Renal System > Flashcards

Renal System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the gland attached just superior to the kidneys?

A

Adrenal gland

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2
Q

What is the outer portion and inner portion of the adrenal gland?

A

Adrenal cortex- outer layer

Adrenal medulla- Inner layer

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3
Q

What does adrenal cortex secrete?

A

aldosterone and cortisol

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4
Q

What is the function of aldosterone?

A

Na+/water reabsorption and secretion of K+

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5
Q

What is the function of cortisol?

A

responds to stress or low blood sugar levels to increase blood glucose

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6
Q

What does adrenal medulla release?

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

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7
Q

What is the junction of epinephrine and norepinephrine?

A

sympathetic response

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8
Q

What is the relationship between sodium, potassium, and water?

A

water follows sodium and potassium is an inverse of those

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9
Q

When should aldosterone be release in relations to BP?

A

when BP is low, aldosterone will cause inflow of Na and therefore more water also. to increase BP.

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10
Q

Kidney is located in the abdomen, however how it is oriented and in what region is that called?

A

It’s posteriorly oriented in the retroperitoneal region.

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11
Q

What is the depression of the central portion of the lungs called?

A

Pulmonary hilum

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12
Q

What is the depression of the central portion of the kidney’s called?

A

renal hilum

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13
Q

What enters the renal hilum?

A

renal artery
renal vein
uteter

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14
Q

What is the outer layer of the kidney called?

A

renal capsule

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15
Q

What is the two distinct inner portion of the kidney called?

A

The outer renal cortex

the central renal medulla

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16
Q

Within the renal medulla is what two structures?

A

Renal pyramids seperated by the renal columsn

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17
Q

What is the flow from renal pyramids to the ureter?

A

Minor calyx
Major calyx
Renal pelvis
to the ureter

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18
Q

What is the functions of the kidneys?

A

Reabsorption- all the electrolytes
Filtration- of the blood and release the mature blood into urine
Secretion- actively put things into the urine to release from the body
all these are related to urine formation
-BP control by controlling water levels
-Blood cell production
-Acid/base balance

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19
Q

How are they kidneys oriented?

A

Right is a bit lower due to the liver, compared to the left kidney. They both extend beyond T12, half being behind the rib cage and the lower half exposed under the ribs.

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20
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidneys?

A

nephrons

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21
Q

How many nephrons do you have?

A

millions, enough to say you have more than you need, you can damage a bunch, however they can never regenerate.

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22
Q

What is glomerulus?

A

capillary bed of the kidney, where is the site of filtration.

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23
Q

The renal artery goes further inside the kidney and end up where?

A

shrinks as renal arteriole then as glomerulus

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24
Q

Leading into the glomerulus capillary bed is what?

A

Afferent arteriole which are moderate in diameter

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25
Q

Leading out of the glomerulus capillary bed is what?

A

Efferent arteriole which is much smaller in diameter compared to the afferent arteriole

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26
Q

Surrounding the glomerulus is a layer of cells called what?

A

Basement membrane

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27
Q

What is the cluster that surrounds the basement membrane cells?

A

podocytes

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28
Q

What surrounds the entirety of podocytes and the inners?

A

Bowman’s capsule

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29
Q

What is the the entire content inside Bowman’s capsule and the Bowman’s capsule called?

A

Renal corpuscle

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30
Q

The Bowman’s capsule has an opening what it it called and what passes through it?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule, the filtrate

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31
Q

What does the different in afferent and efferent arteriole do?

A

creates pressure to build and it assists filtration of the blood through the fenestrated capillaries.

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32
Q

What is the term to describe the convoluted vessels of the nephrons?

A

aforementioned structure

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33
Q

What are the structures in the nephron that serves as layers of filters?

A

fenestrated capillaries, basement membrane, podocytes serve as filters

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34
Q

What do the layered structures in the nephron filter?

A

proteins, blood cells, large quantities of sugar, and other large molecules

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35
Q

How is the Net Filtration Rate dictated?

A

The dynamic equilibrium force which may be measured in the capsular space of the renal corpuscle which determines how much water and small dissolved solutes leave the blood in the glomerulus; this movement depends on the interaction of a set of four forces: glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure (GBHP), capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP), blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP), and interstitial fluid osmotic pressure (IFOP); NFP = GBHP - (CHP + BCOP); NFP is typically ~10 mm Hg

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36
Q

What should not be found in the urine?

A

blood cells which are large protein containing cells, which are large.

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37
Q

What is the condition where you have poor control over blood sugar?

A

diabetes

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38
Q

What organ will be damaged due to diabetes?

A

kidney damage

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39
Q

What drives filtration in the kidneys?

A

pressure due to different in diameter of afferent and efferent arterioles

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40
Q

What is the pressure pushing outward out of the capillary bed into the proximal convoluted tubules?

A

Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure

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41
Q

What is the pressure pushing backwards against the capsule of the nephron, due to reactive opposite force to GHP?

A

Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure (CHP)

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42
Q

What is Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure?

A

form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins, notably albumin, in a blood vessel’s plasma (blood/liquid) that usually tends to pull water into the circulatory system.

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43
Q

What are the two driving elements in the renal or any osmotic pressure that will drive osmosis?

A

solute and solvent

44
Q

What is albumin, solute or solvent?

A

solute, bc water in the blood is the solvent

45
Q

How is water forced into the circulation?

A

Albumin being the solute will osmosis water to follow it osmoticially

46
Q

What needs to happen for filteration to flow properly? HINT: what are the interactions between the three pressures?

A

Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure GHP needs to excede Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure BCOP and Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure CHP

47
Q

What happens when BCOP and CHP exceede GHP?

A

no filtration occurs and damage of the nephron is now functionless

48
Q

The remaining blood and substances that do not pass to Bowman’s Capsule and the Proximal convoluted tubule will go where?

A

Efferent Arteriole

49
Q

What is the Efferent Arteriole’s function?

A

to regulat pressure at the Glomerulus

50
Q

Where does Efferent arteriole’s eventually drain into?

A

renal venuloes/vein

51
Q

What is the Proximal convoluted tubule’s main function?

A

to reabsorb water/electrolytes/salt/glucose/urea

52
Q

Past the Glomerulus we have a tubular system, what is the proximal part of that tubular system? then what series of tubules comes right after that?

A

In order:

  • Proximal Convoluted Tubule
  • Loop of Henle (descending arm then ascending arm)
  • Distal Convoluted Tubule
  • Collecting Ducts
53
Q

What is the function of Loop of Henle?

A

to reabsorb water, some electrolytes, First step of SECRETION of urea (Nitrogen based waste)

54
Q

What is the function of DIstal convoluted tubules?

A

regulates pH by secreting or reabsorbing H+ (proton ions )and HCO3 (bicarbonate)
reabsorbs Na+ and secrete K+ in the presence of Aldosterone

55
Q

Why is it important to convolute the proximal convoluted tubules of the nephron?

A

to increase surface area of reabsorption of water, salt, glucose, urea

56
Q

What begins at the level of Glomerulus? what is the resulting fluid represent?

A

filtration

filtration of protein, Blood cells, and other large molecules, resulting in a plasma-like fluid

57
Q

What occurs at the Collecting Ducts?

A

final site for water reabsorption before leading to renal pelvis and ureter

58
Q

Which is acidic and which is basic?
proton ions(H+)
bicarbonate (HCO3-)

A

Proton ions is acidic

bicarbonate is basic

59
Q

In the Distal convoluted tubules if sodium is reabsorbed what is being excreted to even it out?

A

Potassium

60
Q

What the distal convoluted tubules in proximity with?

A

Afferent arteriole

61
Q

What is the area of junction of the afferent arteriole and the DCT?

A

Juxtamedullary apparatus

62
Q

What are the cluster of cells found in the Juxtamedullary apparatus called?

A

Macula Densa

63
Q

What is the function of Macula Densa?

A

specialty cells that contain chemo- and baroreceptors

64
Q

In the presence of decreased Na+ or pressure what will the Macula Densa do?

A

secrete Renin

65
Q

What does Renin effect and thus result turning that into?

A

Renin in the presence of Angiotensiogen into Angiotensin I

66
Q

Where does Angiotensin go to? and what does it interact with?

A

Travels to the lung. Interacts with Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)

67
Q

What does the interaction of Angiotensin I and ACE result in?

A

converts into Angiotensin II

68
Q

What does Angiotensin II cause?

A

vasoconstriction

stimulates the release of aldosterone and Anti-diuretic hormones

69
Q

What does aldosterone and anti-diuretic hormones caused by Angiotensin II result in?

A

Aldosterone= Na+ reabsorption

Anti-diuretic Hormone (ADH)= water reabsorption

70
Q

What does Diuretic hormones cause?

A

Further release of water

71
Q

What does Anti-diuretic hormones cause?

A

Further reabsorption of water

72
Q

What sort of medication is ACE-inhibitor?

A

medication to treat hypertension and high BP

73
Q

What is ANP?

A

atrial natriuretic peptide

74
Q

What is the atrial natriuretic peptide?

A

released from the cells of atria of the heart, in response to increased BP/volume

75
Q

What does ANP cause?

A

causes vasodilation
secretion of water and Na+
reabsorption of K

76
Q

H20 + CO2 in the presence of carbonic anhydrase results in what?

A

H+ proton
and
HCO3 bicarbonate

77
Q

When does the water and carbon dioxide in carbonic anhydrase occurring in the body?

A

All the time back and forth

78
Q

Since Chemical reaction of water and carbon dioxide occurs constantly, what can be extrapolated from CO2 concentration?

A

pH can be extrapolated from CO2 concentration

79
Q

What two function systems function to maintain pH homeostatis?

A

Respiratory and Renal system

80
Q

How does respiratory system function to maintain pH homeostatis?

A

hyperventilation

hypoventilation

81
Q

How does renal system function to maintain pH homeostatis?

A

secretion/reabsorption of H+ or HCO3

82
Q

More H+ protons will result in what level of pH in body?

A

decrease level of pH therefore more acidic

83
Q

If one system of pH level homeostatis is compromised the other will compensate T/F?

A

True

84
Q

What response will Respiratory acidosis/alkylosis receive?

A

Metabolic (Renal) response

85
Q

What response will Metabolic acidosis/alkylosis receive?

A

Respiratory response

86
Q

If someone had respiratory alkylosis, what do you see?

A

They would be hyperventilating, causing much expelling of CO2, results in a metabolic response, by reabsorbing more H+ and secrete more HCO3

87
Q

If someone has renal metabolic acidosis, what do you see?

A

They would hyperventilating, and try to expel more CO2

88
Q

If someone has renal alkalosis, what do you see?

A

They would hypoventilate, and try to retain the CO2

89
Q

What does the kidney release to stimulate bone marrow production of RBCs when it detects anemic level?

A

EPO- erythropeotin

90
Q

Why is it important to line the ureter with goblet cells?

A

to protect the lining from the high or low pH levels

91
Q

What does the ureter lead to?

A

bladder

92
Q

Urine will drain from the two ureters into the conical shaped portion of the bladder known as what?

A

trigone

93
Q

What does the bladder contain to allow for further expansion?

A

rugae

94
Q

What is the smooth muscles in the wall of the bladder called?

A

detrusor

95
Q

The ureter will course along inferiorly with what other structures?

A

gonadal artery
gonadal vein
male (testicular)
female (ovarian)

96
Q

In the male the testicular artery will travel superficial and anteriorly through what?

A

deep inguinal ring then
inguinal canal then
superficial inguinal ring

97
Q

After passing the superficial inguinal ring the male’s testicular artery/vein will travel along what?

A

spermatic cord and vas deferens

98
Q

Where does the ovarian artery/vein articulate with?

A

the ovaries, and due to it being internal it is a shorter distance that the gonadal vein/artery travels compared to the male’s testicular artery/vein

99
Q

What is the Detrusor/Micturation Reflex?

A

stretch receptors, that sends the reflexive arch to the autonomic nervous system through the spinal cord, the efferent portion sends info to the Detrusor muscle and Internal urethral sphincter

100
Q

What does the Detrusor/Micturation Reflex after stretch receptors send efferent portion of the reflex arch to the Detrusor muscle and Internal urethral sphincter cause to do?

A

contracts the Detrusor muscle

and opens the internal Urethral spincter

101
Q

How do we control bladder function and micturation?

A

the external urethral sphincter and in the pelvic floor, the levator ani

102
Q

In the male what is the urethra in bedded in?

A

the prostate

103
Q

What is the function of the prostate?

A

It has no function in urination function, regulates the acidity of the seminal fluid by releasing seminal fluid

104
Q

If a man has hyperplasia of the prostate what will occur?

A

compromises the ability to urinate due to constraints of the urethra even if you are actively opening the external urethral sphincter there is difficulty due to the prostate being in between the internal and external urethral sphincter.

105
Q

What other organ posterior to the prostate?

A

the rectum

Physiology (6 decks)

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