Airway & Thorax Flashcards
What are the two openings where air enters the body?
external nares (nostrils) oral cavity
what is just posterior to the external nares?
nasal septum that separate the right/left nostrils
What is found on the nasal walls and it’s function and it’s three parts?
nasal conchae.
superior/middle/inferior terminal conchae
moistens the air and increases the outside air to body temperature by increasing the surface area.
Posterior to the nasal cavity is the what region?
nasal pharnyx
In the Oral cavity is the large organ what?
the muscular tongue
What two bones make up the roof of the mouth? aka as what together?
Maxilla and Palantine bone. Hard palate.
What is the after posterior to the hard palate? and what is it made up of?
soft palate
elastic cartilaginous structure
What is the region posterior to the oral cavity called?
Oral pharynx
During deglutition the soft palate will do what?
rise up and close up the nasal cavity
Inferior to the oral pharynx is what?
pharynx proper
What is the pharynx proper?
where both nasal and oral pharynx will meet at the pharynx
What musculature do you see posterior to the pharynx?
pharyngeal constrictors
What nerve innervates the pharyngeal constrictors?
Vagus nerve
what is inferior to the pharynx?
larynx
what is the cartilage that separates the larynx from the esophagus?
epligottis
When does the epiglottis dive down and close off the larynx?
during deglutition (swallowing of bolus)
Following the larynx downwards past the vocal folds is what?
the thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage?
what is unique about the first cricoid cartilage?
it’s a complete ring and it’s significantly larger and thicker
the lower cricoid rings as it goes lower becomes what?
thinner as it goes deeper into the airway
Once the cricoid rings enter the lung what happens?
no more cartilage left in the lung
What region is entered once we dive deep into the airway?
thoracic region
What is the superior opening entering the thorax called?
superior thoracic apertures
What structures surround the superior thoracic aperture?
manubrium of the sternum
clavicle
1st rib
T1 vertebrae
What structures exits the superior thoracic aperture?
common carotid artery
vertebral artery
subclavian artery
trachea
what structures enter the superior thoracic aperture?
Internal jugular vein esophagus trachea phrenic nerve vagus nerve
Eventually inferiorly the trachea will do what?
bifricate
What is the first branching of the trachea?
Left and Right Primary bronchus
The inferior aspect of bifrication is laden with thickened cartilage called what?
Carina
What is the orientation of the primary bonchus?
The Right primary bronchus is more vertical due to the position of the heart. The left bronchus is more horizontal.
Why is the orientation of the Primary bronchus important?
An object swallowed is more likely to be aspirating in the right primary bronchus due to the right primary bronchus being very vertical
What is the difference between the R/L lungs?
Right will have three lobes and Left will have two due to the apex of the heart laying in the left lobe
The primary bronchus will enter the lung and do what?
split and bifricate into each lobe as secondary bronchus
What will the secondary bronchus do further and what happens with the cricoid cartilage?
split into tertiary bronchus and have even smaller and thinner cricoid cartilage
What do each tertiary bronchus go to?
each segments of the lung
What do tertiary bronchus divide further into?
terminal bronchiole
The terminal bronchiole house?
alveolar sacs
What are Alveolar sacs?
portions of the airway that comes into contact with capillary bed of the pulmonary circulation.
what is significant about capillary bed?
only region where there is gaseous exchange
What is the goal of respiration and where does it occur?
to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide and this occurs at the point of where pulmonary capillary bed and alveolar sacs come into contact
What are the cavities that house the lungs in the thorax called?
two separate pleural cavities Right and Left
What is the central cavity of the thorax called?
Mediastinum cavity
What is housed inside the mediastinum cavity?
Trachea
Heart
Esophagus
Within the Pleura cavities there are membranous linings, what are they linings?
Visceral Pleura
Parietal Pleura
What do the visceral and parietal pleura line?
Parietal pleura- lines the insides of the thoracic cage onto the ribs
Visceral pleura- lines the outside of the lung itself on the paringkima
Should there be a gap in parietal and visceral pleura?
No
What sort of lining is parietal and visceral pleura?
Serous membrane
What is serous membrane and why is it important for the lung?
Serous membrane creates serous fluid in between the two pleura.
Important for lubrication of the lung, decrease friction, and increases the surface tension to help adhere the two layers
What fluid does the lung create?
Surfactin
What is the purpose of surfactin?
decrease surface tension inside of the lung to the water molecules introduced by the nasal cavity and the conchae. Water is attracted to itself and it could cause lung collapse and alveolar sac collapse due to water attraction.
What are the Right lung segmentation orientated?
3 lobes: superior/middle/inferior lobes
What are the subsections of the lobes in the right lung?
<a>
Superior: Apical/Anterior/Posterior segments
Middle: Lateral/Medial segments
Inferior: Superior/Medial Basilar/Lateral Basilar/ Anterior Basilar/Posterior Basilar</a>
What is the depression of the median portion of the lung called?
Pulmonary Hilum
what is the pulmonary hilum?
where structures enter the lung:
Primary bronchus
Pulmonary artery/vein
Bronchiole artery/vein
what is the difference between pulmonary and bronchiole artery/vein?
Bronchiole artery/vein is for the supply of blood for lung itself.
Pulmonary artery/vein is for exchange for blood from the heart
What are the dark structures in the pulmonary hilum?
lymph nodes
What are the subsections of the lobes in the left lung?
Superior: Apical/Anterior/Posterior segments
Inferior: Superior/Medial Basilar/ Lateral Basilar/ Anterior Basilar/ Posterior Basilar
Lingula: Superior/Inferior
If you separate the parinkima of the pulmonary vein/artery and primary brunchus what will you see?
They will separate into each branch of the airway (primary bronchus)and travel side by side together and will get smaller in diameter until it ends as a capillary bed in the alveolar sacs
What is the vestigial left lobe? sometimes known as the third lobe
lingula lobe
What is the direction of blood in the pulmonary artery/veins?
pulmonary vein: away from the lung to the heart
pulmonary artery: away from the heart to the lung
What is the membranous lining of the heart?
pericardium
what are the layers of the pericardium?
parietal and visceral layers