29 Flashcards
1
Q
land plants share four key traits only with charophytes (these are ancestral traits)
A
- Rose-shaped complexes for cellulose synthesis
- Peroxisome enzymes
- Structure of flagellated sperm
- Formation of a phragmoplast
2
Q
alternation of generations
A
gametophytes produce haploid gametes by mitosis; sporophytes produce spores by meiosis
3
Q
(derived traits) Four traits of land plants that are not found in charophyte algae:
A
- Alternation of generations that includes multicellular, dependent embryos
- Walled spores produced in sporangia
- Multicellular gametangia
- Apical meristems
4
Q
The diploid embryo is retained within the tissue of the female ______
A
gametophyte
5
Q
Land plants are called ______ because of the dependency of the embryo on the parent
A
embryophytes
6
Q
Spore walls contain ______ , which makes them resistant to harsh environments
A
sporopollenin
7
Q
Plants sustain continual growth in their _____
A
apical meristems
8
Q
Bryophytes
A
Have neither vascular tissues nor seeds • Includes – Bryophyta (mosses) – Hepatophyta (liverworts) – Anthocerophyta (hornworts)
9
Q
Sporophylls
A
modified leaves that bear sporangia
10
Q
fern sporophylls produce clusters of sporangia called
A
SORI
11
Q
who are the common ancestors of plants?
A
charophytes (green algae)
12
Q
what are the characteristics of kingdom plantae?
A
multicellular, eukaryotic, photosynthesis, photoautotrophs, cellulose, alteration of generations
13
Q
gametophytes produce _____ by ______
A
haploid gametes; mitosis
14
Q
sporophytes produce ______ by ______
A
haploid spores; meiosis
15
Q
what are derived traits of land plants?
A
- Alternation of generations that includes multicellular, dependent embryos
- Walled spores produced in sporangia
- Multicellular gametangia
- Apical meristems
16
Q
Diploid cells called ______ undergo meiosis to generate haploid spores
A
sporocytes
17
Q
The sporophyte produces spores in organs called ______
A
sporangia
18
Q
bryophyta
A
true mosses.
Most thrive in moist habitats
rhizoids anchor the plant
produce asexually
19
Q
what anchors the plant in bryophyta?
A
rhizoids
20
Q
Sperm produced in ______ and eggs produced in _____
A
antheridia; archegonia
21
Q
Bryophytes have life cycles dominated by ______
A
gametophytes
22
Q
Hepatophyta
A
liverworts
“leaves” are similar to mosses,
but have two rounded lobes.
23
Q
Hepatophyta has:
A
Thallus = a body without roots, stems, or leaves
• Have air pores (not stomata)
24
Q
where is the asexual reproduction in Hepatophyta?
A
Asexual reproduction with gemmae in gemmae cups
25
Anthocerophyta
hornwort
Lack seta, sporangium releases spores by splitting open...starting at the tip of the horn
• Stomata
26
whats different with the vascular plants?
1. Shift towards sporophyte dominance
2. Vascular tissue
– including absorptive roots
3. The evolution of leaves ─ Microphyllis
─ Macrophyllis
4. Sporophylls and strobili
27
______-dominant life cycle of ferns
sporophyte
28
what is the difference with the Transport in Xylem and Phloem?
xylem vessel: one way flow; no end between walls; water and minerals, thick walls stiffened with ligin
Phloem vessel: 2 way flow; cells with end walls, water and food
29
in lycophytes and gymnosperms, groups of sporophylls form cone- like structures ______
STROBILI
30
what are the two phyla of seedless vascular plants:
– Phylum Lycophyta includes club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts
– Phylum Equisetophyta includes horsetails
– Phylum Pterophyta (aka Pteridophyta) includes
ferns and “fern allies”: whisk ferns and their relatives
– **PLEASE NOTE: your text now lumps equisetophyta and pterophyta into 1 phylum: Monilophyta
31
Phylum Lycophyta
* Club mosses, quillworts, and spike mosses (not mosses!!)
* Sporophytes have microphylls
* Some are homosporous, some are heterosporous
32
Phylum Monilophyta (formerly Equisetophyta)
“horsetails”
• Stems jointed and ribbed, leaves in whorls at nodes
• Reproduce asexually be fragmentation
• *again,now lumped with ferns in Monilophyta*
33
Which of the following is not evidence that charophytes are the closest algal relatives of plants?
the presence of chloroplasts
34
Which of the following characteristics of plants is absent in their closest relatives, the charophyte algae?
alternation of multicellular generations
35
In plants, which of the following are produced by meiosis?
haploid spores
36
Microphylls are found in which plant group?
lycophytes
37
Which of the following is a land plant that has flagellated sperm and a sporophyte-dominated life cycle?
fern
38
Suppose an efficient conducting system evolved in a moss that could transport water and other materials as high as a tall tree. Which of the following statements about “trees” of such a species would not be true?
Females could produce only one archegonium.
39
mycelium
the vegetative part of a fungus, consisting of a network of fine white filaments (hyphae).
40
Land plants arose during the _____.
Cretaceous
41
The closest algal relatives of land plants are _____.
charophyceans
42
Modern plants probably evolved from _____
charophyceans
43
The diploid generation of the plant life cycle always _____.
produces spores
44
Most bryophytes, such as mosses, differ from all other plants in that they _____.
lack vascular tissue
45
Bryophytes are small because __________.
they are avascular
46
The diploid sporophyte stage is dominant in the life cycle of all of the following EXCEPT _____.
a moss
47
In contrast to bryophytes, in vascular plants the dominant stage of the life cycle is the _____.
sporophyte
48
Seedless plants include __________.
all of the above
49
During the Carboniferous period, forests consisting mainly of ____ produced vast quantities of organic matter, which was buried and later became coal.
ferns and other seedless plants
50
Which of these was the dominant plant group at the time that dinosaurs were the dominant animals?
gymnosperms
51
Plants evolved from green algae approximately _____ million years ago.
475
52
_____ are an example of seedless vascular plants
ferns
53
The closest living relatives of the first plants to bear gametangia are the _____
bryophytes
54
Which of these characteristics is shared by algae and seed plants?
chloroplasts
55
In moss, _____ produce sperm.
antheridia
56
The sperm produced by mosses require _____ to reach an archegonium.
moisture
57
In the moss life cycle _____ cells within a sporangium undergo _____ to produce _____ spores.
diploid ... meiosis ... haploid
58
In mosses gametes are produced by _____; in ferns gametes are produced by _____.
mitosis ... mitosis
59
Where do fern antheridia develop?
on the underside of the gametophyte
60
The conspicuous part of a fern plant is a _____.
diploid sporophyte
61
Which of the following is NOT a difference between algae and plants?
Plant cells have rigid cellulose walls and algal cells do not.
62
Which of the following is NOT a homology shared by land plants and their closest living algal relatives?
the presence of cuticle on the surface of leaves
63
In ferns the leaves are called _____.
fronds
64
Which of the following produce eggs and sperm?
moss gametophytes
65
Alternation of generations _____.
is distinguished by haploid and diploid stages that are both multicellular
66
The development of the __________ allowed plants to exist on land. Algae do not have this feature.
cuticle
67
Gametangia are__________.
single-celled in algae, multicellular in most plants
68
What structures allow plants to readily take up carbon dioxide from the atmosphere?
stomata
69
Vascular tissues of plants include __________.
xylem for conducting water and minerals, and phloem for conducting dissolved organic molecules
70
Most plant systematists believe that, of all the bryophytes, _____ are most closely related to vascular plants.
mosses
71
Small nonvascular plants that lack a specialized conduction system are called __________.
bryophytes
72
_______ is found in woody tissues; _______ protect(s) pollen grains from environmental damage.
Lignin ... sporopollenin
73
The gametophyte stage of the plant life cycle is most conspicuous in _____.
mosses
74
When you see a green, "leafy" moss, you are looking at the _____.
gametophyte generation
75
The gametophyte generation of a moss _____,
is haploid
76
The innovation essential to the survival of bryophytes on land was _____.
the retention of the egg within the archegonium
77
How are gametes produced by bryophytes?
by mitosis of gametophyte cells
78
Which of the following are nonvascular but have adaptations that green algae lack (such as a cuticle and stomata)?
mosses
79
All heterosporous plants produce _____.
megaspores that develop into female gametophytes and microspores that develop into male gametophytes
80
Lycophytes are better adapted to life on land than true mosses because lycophytes have something that true mosses lack. What is it?
vascular tissues for the transport of water and nutrients from the soil
81
Strolling through the woods, you would be least likely to notice which of the following?
a fern gametophyte
82
Ferns and mosses are mostly limited to moist environments because _____.
they have swimming sperm
83
In cells entering prophase of mitosis in the gametophyte of a fern species that has a diploid number (2n) of 14, there would be _____.
7 chromosomes, each chromosome consisting of two chromatids
84
A fern differs from a moss in that it has _____.
an independent sporophyte
85
Both mosses and ferns possess _____.
a free-living gametophyte
86
To examine meiosis in ferns, you would study _____.
the sporangia
87
Outdoors, where would you look for a fern gametophyte?
on moist soil
88
Fern gametophytes are _____.
free-living, multicellular organisms
89
The fern gametophyte is called a _____.
prothallus
90
Sporophyte is diploid (2n) and then undergoes ____
meiosis
91
Challenges of aquatic organisms moving to the land? What are the challenges and the solutions?
o Prevent water loss- cuticle- waxy coat
o Gas exchange- stomata
o Defy gravity- sprawling growth- first land plants were small and grew in a way to keep cells in contact with moist soil
o Competition for space- vascular tissue- transport water from roots to aboveground tissues
o Protect gametes- elaborate reproductive structures to protect gametes- pollen, seeds, flowers
92
what are nonvascular plants?
liverworts, hornworts, mosses (bryotphytes)
93
Describe the evidence that supports the hypothesis that land plants evolved from green algae.
* Rings of cellulose synthesizing proteins
* Structure of flagellated sperm
* Formation of a phragmoplast
* Peroxisome enzymes
94
derived trait
- A derived trait is a trait that the current organism has, and previous one didn't.
95
gametophytes produce haploid gametes by _____ ; sporophytes produce haploid spores by ______
mitosis;meiosis
96
what are challenges and solutions that transitioned organisms from aquatic to terrestrial environments?
1. prevent water loss= cuticle
2. gas exchange = stomata
3. defy gravity = sprawling growth
4. competition for space= vascular tissue
5. protect gametes = reproductive structures (pollen, flower, seeds)
