Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

domain 2 > 34 > Flashcards

34 Flashcards

(98 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

vertebrates

A

derives from the name vertebrate- series of bones that make up the vertebral column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

chordates

A

bilateral animals and belong to clade deuterostomia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

notochord

A

longitudinal flexible rod located between the digestive tube and the nerve cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Four key characters of chordates:

A

– Notochord
– Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
– Pharyngeal slits or clefts
– Muscular, post-anal tail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Lancelets (subphylum Cephalochordata)

A

are named for their bladelike shape
• They are marine suspension
feeders that retain characteristics of the chordate body plan as adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Vertebrates have the following derived characters:

A

– Vertebrae enclosing a spinal cord
– An elaborate skull
– Fin rays, in the aquatic forms
• …but, the earliest vertebrates lacked jaws (and some even lack a backbone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Chondrichthyes Reproduction

A

Exhibit Internal Fertilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

the evolution of tetrapods

A

One of the most significant events in vertebrate history was when the fins of some lobe-fins evolved into the limbs and feet of tetrapods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Derived traits of tetrapods

A

– Four limbs, and feet with digits
– A neck, which allows separate
movement of the head
– Fusion of the pelvic girdle to the backbone
– The absence of gills (except some aquatic species)
– Ears for detecting airborne sounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Derived Characters of Birds

A
  • Many characters of birds are adaptations that facilitate flight
  • The major adaptation is wings with keratin feathers
  • Other adaptations include lack of a urinary bladder, females with only one ovary, small gonads, and loss of teeth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

3 groups of terrestrial vertebrates:

A

amphibians, reptiles, mammals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

most basal group of living chordates are

A

the lancelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

____ are more closely related to other chordates than are lancelets

A

tunicates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

the chordate characteristic of tunicates are most apparent during the ____

A

larval stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

vertebrates are chordates that

A

have a backbone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

An animal has segments, bilateral symmetry, pharyngeal gill slits, a post-anal tail, and deuterostomic development. It must be a member of the phylum ____________.

A

Chordata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

A ____ is a chordate but not a vertebrate.

A

lancelet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

It appears that cephalochordates evolved by a process that involved the development of mature reproductive organs in an otherwise juvenile form. This evolutionary process is called _____.

A

paedogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which of the following pairs is NOT matched correctly?

A

Gnathostomata … hagfish

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

A lamprey, a shark, a lizard, and a rabbit share all the following characteristics EXCEPT _____.

A

hinged jaws

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

A feature of bony fish not found in sharks is(are) _____.

A

a swim bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The gill flap, or operculum, was an important adaptation for fish because it helps with _____.

A

maintaining a supply of oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The first vertebrates to live on land were _____.

A

amphibians

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The development that freed vertebrates from water for reproduction and allowed them to radiate into diverse terrestrial environments was the _____.

A

amniotic egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
In contrast to the traditional grouping of reptiles, cladistic analysis indicates that Reptilia is not a monophyletic group and that _____.
birds are more closely related to crocodiles than either is to turtles
26
Which of the following is NOT shared by extant birds and extant reptiles?
endothermic metabolism
27
All mammals _____.
nourish their offspring through mammary glands
28
Which one of the following characteristics appears in mammals, but not in reptiles?
a lower jaw consisting of a single bone
29
The opossum is an example of a(n) __________ mammal.
marsupial
30
Eutherians are viviparous, which means that __________.
the young develop within the female"s body
31
Whales and dolphins belong to the order _____.
Cetacea
32
The two major groups of primates are _____.
prosimians and anthropoids
33
If you were to observe a monkey in a zoo, which characteristic would indicate a New World origin for that monkey species?
use of the tail to hang from a tree limb
34
The earliest primates were most similar to modern _____.
arboreal prosimians
35
Humans and the slender loris, a prosimian, share many traits that probably evolved in our early primate ancestors, including _____.
opposable thumbs
36
Humans, apes, and monkeys are classified together as _____.
anthropoids
37
The modern genera of apes are ______.
gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and bonobos
38
Primates are distinguished from other mammals by __________.
opposable thumbs, nails, and good depth perception
39
Scientists who study human evolution are called __________.
paleoanthropologists
40
Which of the following traits distinguishes hominids from apes?
bipedalism (upright walking)
41
__________ arose very early in hominid evolution; __________ evolved more recently.
Upright posture ... large brains
42
The human skull differs from the gorilla skull in that the human skull has __________.
a larger brain case
43
Bipedalism is associated first with what hominid?
australopithecines, such as Lucy
44
The first hominid known to make tools is(was) _____.
Homo habilis
45
What was the earliest hominid to have an enlarged brain (relative to body size)?
Homo habilis
46
Homo erectus __________.
followed H. habilis
47
Which of the following correctly lists probable ancestors of modern humans from the oldest to the most recent?
Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus
48
Some anthropologists think that modern races of Homo sapiens evolved from separate populations of archaic H. sapiens in different geographic areas. How, then, do proponents of this multiregional hypothesis explain the great degree of genetic similarity among modern humans?
The ancestral Homo erectus originally came from Africa.
49
The multiregional and replacement hypotheses for the origin of modern humans agree that _____.
Homo erectus had an African origin
50
Which one of the following statements best fits the replacement hypothesis about the origin of modern humans?
Homo sapiens evolved from H. erectus in Africa and then migrated elsewhere.
51
vertebrates are a subphylum in
phylum chordata
52
Two groups of invertebrate deuterostomes, ______ and _______ , are more closely related to vertebrates than to other invertebrates
the urochordates and cephalochordates
53
_____ most resemble chordates during their larval stage, which may last only a few minutes
Tunicates
54
Hagfishes (Myxini)
jawless vertebrates that have a cartilaginous skull, reduced vertebrae, and a flexible rod of cartilage derived from the notochord • They have a small brain, eyes, ears, and tooth-like formations • Hagfishes are marine; most are bottom-dwelling scavengers
55
Lampreys (Petromyzontida)
are parasites that feed by clamping their mouth onto a live fish • They inhabit various marine and freshwater habitats • They have cartilaginous segments surrounding the notochord and arching partly over the nerve cord
56
_____ are vertebrates with jaws
Gnathostomes
57
______ have a skeleton composed primarily of cartilage
Chondrichthyes
58
sharks have a
Lateral line system
59
All fishes rely heavily on the _______
lateral line system: a series of pores and canals lined with cells (neuromasts) that are specialized to detect vibrations.
60
Chondrichthyes Reproduction (sharks, etc)
Exhibit Internal Fertilization
61
Ray-finned fishes are in which class
Class Actinopterygii
62
Tetrapods have some specific adaptations:
– Four limbs, and feet with digits – A neck, which allows separate movement of the head – Fusion of the pelvic girdle to the backbone – The absence of gills (except some aquatic species) – Ears for detecting airborne sounds
63
Class Reptilia are
Ectotherms
64
Class Aves are part of what clade
reptilia
65
Derived Characters of Birds
* Many characters of birds are adaptations that facilitate flight •The major adaptation is wings with keratin feathers * Other adaptations include lack of a urinary bladder, females with only one ovary, small gonads, and loss of teeth
66
Mammals have
– A high metabolic rate, due to endothermy – Hair – Mammary glands, which produce milk – A larger brain than other vertebrates of equivalent size – Differentiated teeth -fur
67
Monotremes
a small group of egg-laying mammals consisting of echidnas and the platypus
68
eutherians
have a more complex placenta. Young eutherians complete their embryonic development within a uterus, joined to the mother by the placenta (humans)
69
Marsupials
include opossums, kangaroos, and koalas. The embryo develops within a placenta in the mother’s uterus A marsupial is born very early in its development. It completes its embryonic development while nursing in a maternal pouch called a marsupium
70
derived characters of primates:
– A large brain and short jaws – Forward-looking eyes close together on the face, providing depth perception – Complex social behavior and parental care – A fully opposable thumb (in monkeys and apes)
71
Humans are mammals with a
large brain and bipedal locomotion
72
A number of characters distinguish humans from other apes:
``` – Upright posture and bipedal locomotion – Larger brains – Language capabilities and symbolic thought – The manufacture and use of complex tools – Shortened jaw – Shorter digestive tract ```
73
hominins
originated in africa - had small brain
74
homo erectus
first hominin to leave africa
75
vertebrates and tunicates share
a notochord, dorsal and hollow nerve cord
76
living vertebrates can be divided into two major clades. what are they are?
the cyclostomes and gnathostomes
77
unlike eutherians, both monotremes and marsupials
have some embryonic development outside of uterus
78
which clade does not include humans
diapsids
79
as hominins diverged from other primates, which of the following appeared first?
bipedal locomotion
80
which of the following could be considered the most recent common ancestor of living tetrapods?
a sturdy, finned shallow water lobe-fin whose appendages had skeletal supports similar to those of terrestrial vertebrates
81
shark eggs are fertilized _____
internally
82
oviparous
lay eggs that hatch outside of mothers body
83
ovoviviparous
retain fertilized eggs
84
viviparous
young develop in uterus and receive nutrients through placenta
85
_____ are most basal group of tetrapods
Amphibians
86
Why are birds grouped into the clade with the dinosaurs?
o Amniotic egg o Tetrapods – reduced forelimbs o Bones are hallow o Birds are more closely related to dinosaurs because of modified forelimbs and feathers
87
True or False: All Chordates are vertebrates. Explain with examples.
False. all vertebrates are chordates but all chordates are not vertebrates examples of non vertebrates are sea squirts and lancelets
88
what is the name of the clade that includes jawed vertebrates?
gnathostomes
89
name two subphyla within chordata that lack vertebral column
Urochordata and Cephalochordata
90
what are in subphylum chelicerata? and what phylum is this in?
horseshoe crabs, spiders, ticks, scorpions Arthropoda
91
why phylum is pancrustacea in?
arthropoda
92
what is in phylum echinodermata
sea stars, sea urchin
93
what phylum and subphylum are lancelets in?
phylum chordata and cephalochordata
94
what are tunicates (sea squirts in)
phylum chordata and urochordata
95
what are jawless fishes
Clade Cyclostomes – jawless fishes Class Myxini – Hagfishes Petromyzontida – Lampreys
96
what are the Cartilaginous fishes
class Chondrichthyes
97
what superclass are the bony fishes
superclass Osteichthyes
98
what are the clades in mammalia?
1. Clade Monotremes – platypus, echidnas 2. Clade Marsupials – opossums, kangaroos, koalas 3. Clade Eutherians – placental mammals a. Order Primates

domain 2 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions