31 Flashcards
1
Q
yeast
A
multicellular filaments and single cells
2
Q
bodies of these fungi typically form a network of tiny filaments called
A
hyphae
3
Q
cell walls are strengthened by
A
chitin
4
Q
septa
A
hyphae are divided into cells by cross-walls
5
Q
two types of mycorrhizal fungi
A
ectomycorrhizal fungi
arbuscular fungi
6
Q
mycorrhizal fungi colonize soil by dispersing haploid cells called
A
spores
7
Q
the nuclei of fungal hyphae and the spores of most fungi are ___
A
haploid
8
Q
the union of the cytoplasm to 2 parent mycelia is known as
A
plasmogamy
9
Q
fungi reproduction
A
fungi can reproduce sexually and asexually
10
Q
deuteromycetes
A
fungi lacking sexual reproduction
11
Q
many fungi reproduce asexually by growing as filamentous fungi that produce (haploid) spores by mitosis; these are referred to as ____
A
molds
12
Q
fungi are part of what clade
A
opisthokonts
13
Q
fungi
A
heterotrophs that acquire nutrients by absorption
14
Q
chytrids
A
a group of fungi with flagellated spores
15
Q
lichens
A
highly integrated symbiotic associations of fungi and algae or cyanobacteria
16
Q
Saprophytes or saprobes
A
feed on dead tissues or organic waste (decomposers)
17
Q
Symbionts
A
mutually beneficial relationship between a fungus and another organism
18
Q
Parasites
A
feeding on living tissue of a host.
• Parasites that cause disease are called pathogens.
19
Q
Phylum Chytridiomycota
A
‘simple’ fungi
Chytrids are found in freshwater and terrestrial habitats
They can be decomposers, parasites, or mutualists
20
Q
Chytrids are unique among fungi in having flagellated, motile spores, called
A
zoospores
21
Q
The zygomycetes are named for their sexually produced ______
A
zygosporangia
22
Q
Develops into zygosporangium in which _____ develops
A
zygospore
23
Q
Glomeromycetes are a small group of
A
obligate symbionts
24
Q
yeasts
A
• Unicellular ascomycetes
• Most reproduce asexually by budding
• Yeasts can ferment carbohydrates
– Break down glucose into ethanol and CO2
25
what are lichens?
Symbiotic associations between a fungus and a photosynthetic partner
• Cyanobacteria, green algae, or sometimes both
– Most are mutualistic
26
what are 3 types of lichen?
1. Crustose lichens form flat
crusty plates.
2. Foliose lichens are leafy in appearance, although lobed or branched structures are not true leaves.
3. Fruticose lichens are even more finely branched and may hang down like beards from branches or grow up from the ground like tiny shrubs.
27
mycosis
an infection in an animal by a fungal parasite
28
mycelia
networks of branched hyphae adapted for absorption
29
hyphae
the individual filaments that make up a mycelium
30
characteristics of hyphae
* Tubular
* Hard wall of chitin
* Crosswalls may form compartments (± cells)
* Multinucleate
* Grow at tips
31
how does hyphae grow?
Hyphae grow from their tips
32
mycelia have a
huge surface area
33
Absorptive Feeding
Fungi get carbon from organic sources
– Hyphal tips release enzymes
– Enzymatic breakdown of substrate
– Products diffuse back into hyphae
34
how does digestion work for fungi
Occurs almost exclusively extracellularly
– Digestive enzymes are secreted across cell membranes
– Then digestion products are absorbed
– Typically the fungus grows through its food (soil or organism)
35
Nematode-trapping fungi
hyphae adapted for trapping and killing prey
36
plasmogamy
union of 2 parent mycelia
37
karyogamy
nuclear fusion
38
what do molds do
produce haploid spores by mitosis and form mycelia
39
Phylum Zygomycota
The zygomycetes exhibit great diversity of life histories
They include fast-growing molds,
parasites, and commensal symbionts
40
Phylum Glomeromycota
* Glomeromycetes are a small group of obligate symbionts
* Form intracellular associAartions with plant roots called arbuscular mycorrhizae •Cannot survive in absence of host plant •No evidence of sexual reproduction
41
Phylum Ascomycota
Contain about 75% of the known fungi:”sac fungi” because they produce sexual spores in asci, asexual is also common
42
Phylum Basidiomycota
Aka club fungi, ~30,000 species •Sexual reproduction = basidia •Asexual reproduction is uncommon
43
_____ fungi are decomposers.
Saprobic
44
Molecular evidence suggests that fungi _____.
and animals have a common ancestor
45
Fungi are said to be absorptive heterotrophs rather than ingestive ones because they ____________.
digest organic matter outside their bodies
46
In contrast to plants, the cell walls of fungi are composed of _____.
chitin
47
The hyphae of parasitic fungi that are modified to penetrate and absorb nutrients from host tissue are called _____.
haustoria
48
There is a fungus in Oregon that covers 2,200 acres! The bulk of this fungus is most likely ____________.
mycelium
49
In fungi, the function of the mycelium is ____________.
obtaining food
50
Some scum was found growing near the edge of a pond. Under a microscope, each of its cells was found to contain two nuclei. This means the scum must be _____.
fungus
51
Which one of the following statements about fungi is FALSE?
Fungal spores are diploid cells in virtually all species.
52
Hyphae with two nuclei per cell are called _____.
dikaryotic
53
Fungi of the phylum Chytridiomycota were once placed in the kingdom Protista because they have _____.
flagellated cells
54
Fungi are classified on the basis of ____________.
their sexual stage
55
Fungi of the phylum Zygomycota are recognized on the basis of their production of ______ during sexual reproduction.
a dikaryotic structure
56
The tips of sexual hyphae in zygomycetes such as black bread mold, Rhizopus, serve as _____.
gametangia
57
The asexual spores produced by members of the phylum Ascomycota are called _____.
conidia
58
An ascus is _____.
a saclike cell containing spores
59
Under a microscope, a piece of mushroom would look most like _____.
tangle of string
60
in mushrooms, karyogamy results in the formation of the __________ phase.
diploid
61
The next time you have cream of mushroom soup, you can say, "What a delicious __________."
basidiomycete
62
The mushroom in a basidiomycete life cycle serves the same function as the ____________ in the ascomycete life cycle, which is to ____________.
ascocarp ... scatter sexually produced spores
63
While hiking through a forest, you discover a fungus growing on the remains of a decaying tree trunk. You hypothesize that it is a basidiomycete fungus because it resembles a mushroom in shape and size. If your logic is correct, microscopic analysis of the tissue found in the stalk of this fungus will reveal the presence of _____.
dikaryotic cells with haploid nuclei
64
The gills of a mushroom (basidiomycete) are specialized for _____.
reproduction
65
The basidiomycete fungi produce spores _____.
on a club-shaped cell
66
Where and when does fertilization occur in the mushroom life cycle?
in a mushroom, when the nuclei of a dikaryotic cell fuse
67
Lichens are _____.
symbiotic associations of photosynthesizers and fungi
68
Which of the following could NOT be involved in a lichen symbiosis?
dinoflagellate
69
Aspergillus soyae, one of the fungi used to make soy sauce (shoyu) has no known sexual cycle. It is therefore classified as one of the ____________.
deuteromycetes
70
You are hiking through a bog in northern Maine and notice what appears to be moss growing on the tamarack trees. On closer inspection, you see that the "moss" is composed of translucent (clear) filaments with interspersed spherical green cells. This moss must be _____.
a lichen
71
We know the yeasts are not protists because under certain conditions they form short filaments of cells, or hyphae. Additional evidence that they are fungi is that they _____.
produce asci when they reproduce sexually
72
During the American Revolution, the British lost more ships to ______ than to sinking by the enemy.
fungal rot
73
A dramatic example of the pathogenicity of certain fungi is the virtual elimination of the American elm by _____.
an ascomycete
74
ascomycete
a fungus whose spores develop within asci. The ascomycetes include most molds, mildews, and yeasts, the fungal component of most lichens, and a few large forms such as morels and truffles.
"sac fungi"
75
what are the reproductive structures of fungi?
the mushroom "cap" is where the haploid spores are produced
76
septa
hyphae divided into cells by cross walls
77
coenocytic fungi
continuous cytoplasmic mass having hundreds or thousands of nuclei
78
mycorrhizae
mutually beneficial relationship between fungus and plant roots
79
deuteromycetes
fungi lacking sexual reproduction
80
what clade are fungi in
opisthokonts
81
heterokaryotic
cells have haploid nuclei from two parents
82
what was the ancestor of fungi
aquatic, single celled and flagellated protisit
83
all fungi are
symbiotic
84
which of the following cells or structures are associated with asexual reproduction in fungi?
conidiophores
85
the closest relatives of fungi are thought to be the
animals
86
the most important adaptive advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia is
an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition
87
conidia
asexual spores of the Ascomycetes
