54

Question 1

biodiversity

Answer 1

is the variety of life across all levels of biological organization.

Question 2

genetic diversity

Answer 2

difference in DNA among individuals of a population

Question 3

ecosystem diversity

Answer 3

richness and complexity of a biological community

Question 4

species richness

Answer 4

the number of species

Question 5

species evenness

Answer 5

relative abundance

Question 6

Communities with higher diversity are:

Answer 6

more productive; they produce more biomass

more resistant to invasive species

better able to withstand and recover from environmental stresses

Question 7

habitat

Answer 7

the physical location where members of the population live.

Question 8

ecological niche

Answer 8

The totality of a species resource use, both living and non-living

Question 9

Community Interactions are classified by

Answer 9

whether they help, harm, or have no effect on species involved

Question 10

competition

Answer 10

-/- interaction that occurs when individuals of different species compete for a resource that limits their growth

Question 11

predation

Answer 11

+/- interaction between species in which one species (the predator) kills and eats the other (the prey)

Question 12

competitive exclusion principle

Answer 12

the species that acquires more of the resources will eventually “win.” The less successful species eventually dies out.

Question 13

resource partitioning

Answer 13

Sometimes, multiple species with similar requirements coexist in the same habitat.

Question 14

cryptic coloration

Answer 14

Cryptic coloration is a common method of avoiding detection by predators
• Cryptic coloration is prevalent in the vertebrate world.

Question 15

Batesian mimicry

Answer 15

occurs when one species evolves to resemble a species that has superior protective capability.

Question 16

Müllerian mimicry

Answer 16

several species that have protection against predators come to resemble each other.

Question 17

parasitism

Answer 17

(+/-)

Question 18

mutualism

Answer 18

(+/+)

Question 19

commensalism

Answer 19

(+/0)

is an interaction in which an individual from one species benefits while an individual from another species is neither harmed nor helped.
– Example: Birds can make their nests in trees, and benefit from this, but generally don’t affect the trees in any way.
– “Hitchhiking species” – algae that live on the shells of aquatic turtles, barnacles that are attached to whales….

Question 20

trophic structure

Answer 20

is the feeding relationships between organisms in a community

Question 21

food chain

Answer 21

link trophic levels from producers to top carnivores

Question 22

food web

Answer 22

is a branching food chain that is more complex in structure

Question 23

trophic cascade (top down model)

Answer 23

are powerful indirect interactions that can control entire ecosystems, occurring when predators in a food web suppress the abundance or alter the behavior of their prey, thereby releasing the next lower trophic level from predation (or herbivory if the intermediate trophic level is a herbivore).

Question 24

keystone species

Answer 24

is a species whose absence from a community would bring about significant change in that community.

Question 25

primary succession

Answer 25

occurs on a newly exposed site, not previously occupied by soil and vegetation example: formation of new islands, on new volcanic rock, and on land formed from glacial retreats.

Question 26

secondary succession

Answer 26

begins in an area where soil remains after a disturbance example: fire

Question 27

Early-arriving species and later- arriving species may be linked in one of three processes:

Answer 27

– Facilitation: Early arrivals may facilitate appearance of later species by making the environment favorable – Inhibition: They may inhibit establishment of later species – Tolerance: They may tolerate later species but have no impact on their establishment

Question 28

the feeding relationship among the species in a community determine the community's

Answer 28

trophic structure

Question 29

the principle of competitive exclusion states that

Answer 29

two species that have exactly the same niche cannot coexist in a community

Question 30

based on the intermediate disturbance hypothesis, a community's species diversity is increased by

Answer 30

moderate levels of disturbance

Question 31

according to the island equilibrium model, species richness would be greatest on an island that is

Answer 31

large and close to a mainland

Question 32

predators that are keystone species can maintain species diversity in a community if they

Answer 32

prey on the community's dominant species

Question 33

food chains are sometimes short because

Answer 33

most of the energy in a trophic level is lost as energy passes to the next higher level

Question 34

which of the following could qualify as a top-down control on a grassland community

Answer 34

effect of grazing intensity by bison on plant species diversity

Question 35

the most plausible hypothesis to explain why species richness is higher in tropical than in temperate regions is that

Answer 35

tropical regions generally have more available water and higher levels of solar radiation

Question 36

All the organisms in a particular area make up a(n) _____.

Answer 36

community

Question 37

According to the principle of competitive exclusion, two species cannot continue to occupy the same _____.

Answer 37

ecological niche

Question 38

In terms of + (this member of a species pair benefits from the interaction), ­ (this member of a species pair is harmed by the interaction), and 0 (this member of a species pair is unaffected by the interaction), predation can be described as a _______ relationship.

Answer 38

+/-

Question 39

The term used to describe a harmless organism resembling a harmful one is __________.

Answer 39

Batesian mimicry

Question 40

The ecological relationship between termites and the wood-digesting protozoans that live in their gut is an example of _____.

Answer 40

mutualism

Question 41

If the larvae (juvenile offspring) of a particular species of mosquito are to survive to the adult stage, the eggs must be laid in the trapped pool of water of the northern pitcher plant. The mosquito larvae provide no apparent benefit or harm to the pitcher plant. This type of interaction is an example of _____.

Answer 41

commensalism

Question 42

An organism's "trophic level" refers to _____.

Answer 42

what it eats

Question 43

Keystone species are those species _____.

Answer 43

whose absence would cause major disruption in an ecosystem

Question 44

Which of the following best illustrates ecological succession?

Answer 44

Grass grows on a sand dune, then shrubs, and then trees.

Question 45

During ecological succession, the species composition of a plant community _____.

Answer 45

changes gradually because each species responds differently to changes in environmental factors

Question 46

_______ views a community as the chance assemblage of organisms with similar abiotic needs.

Answer 46

The individualistic hypothesis

Question 47

When goats were introduced to an island off the California coast, the goats lived in the same areas and ate the same plants as the native deer. The deer population dwindled and finally disappeared. This is an example of _____.

Answer 47

competitive exclusion

Question 48

The niche of an animal is _____.

Answer 48

the way the animal fits into its environment

Question 49

Two species of cuckoo doves live in a group of islands off the coast of New Guinea. Of 33 islands, 14 have one species, 6 have the other, 13 have neither, and none has both. What might best explain this? The two species of birds could ______.

Answer 49

have similar niches

Question 50

Under which of the following circumstances would interspecific competition be most obvious?

Answer 50

when a foreign organism is introduced to a community

Question 51

If the niches of two species are very similar, which one of the following is true?

Answer 51

Competition between the two species will be severe.

Question 52

What type of population interaction benefits neither population?

Answer 52

competition

Question 53

Flounder look like the sea floor. This is an example of _____.

Answer 53

cryptic coloration

Question 54

Which of the following is an example of mimicry?

Answer 54

A harmless frog resembles a poisonous frog.

Question 55

A tick has what type of relationship with a dog?

Answer 55

parasitic

Question 56

The flower fly resembles a honeybee, but the flower fly has no stinger. This is an example of _____.

Answer 56

Batesian mimicry

Question 57

The poison-arrow frogs (genus Dendrobates) of tropical America are all brightly colored and have very similar patterns. Each species is distasteful to predators and all possess toxic skin secretions, although some of the species live quite separate from the others. The adaptive relationship among these species is best termed _____.

Answer 57

Müllerian mimicry

Question 58

The term used to describe bold coloration in harmful species (such as the coral snake) is _____.

Answer 58

warning coloration

Question 59

Lichen is actually composed of two organisms: a fungus and an alga. They depend on each other for survival. The most specific term that describes their relationship is _____.

Answer 59

mutualism

Question 60

Certain species of acacia trees in Central and South America have hollow thorns that house stinging ants, which attack anything that touches the tree. The ants feed on nutrients produced by the acacias. This is an example of _____.

Answer 60

mutualism

Question 61

The relationship between species A and species B is described as commensalism. This means that _____.

Answer 61

one species benefits and the other species is unaffected

Question 62

Which of the following is a primary producer?

Answer 62

poison ivy

Question 63

When you eat an apple, you are a _____.

Answer 63

primary consumer

Question 64

In Paine's study of the intertidal zone on the coast of Washington State, he found that _____.

Answer 64

the presence of a keystone predator maintained community diversity

Question 65

A species of malaria-carrying mosquito lives in a forest in which two species of monkeys, A and B, coexist. Species A is immune to malaria, but species B is not. The malaria-carrying mosquito is the chief food for a particular kind of bird in the forest. If all these birds were suddenly eliminated by hunters, which of the following would be an immediately observable consequence?

Answer 65

increased mortality in monkey species B

Question 66

After clear-cutting, timber companies cannot afford to wait for the long process of _____ to occur naturally; they plant trees right away.

Answer 66

succession

Question 67

The current view of succession is _____.

Answer 67

that disturbance and nonequilibrium are inevitable

Question 68

Succession of communities occurs because _____.

Answer 68

each existing community changes the environment

Question 69

The study of the geographic distribution of species is called __________.

Answer 69

biogeography

Question 70

True of False: All keystone species are also apex predators.

Answer 70

false. Keystone species are often predators, but not always apex predators. Instead, they are usually secondary consumers. Sea stars, while voracious predators of mussels and barnacles, for example, are a prey species for sea anemones and fishes.

Question 71

resource partitioning

Answer 71

The concept of resource partitioning, as originally developed, relates to evolutionary change in species in response to selection pressures generated by interspecific competition.