Chapter 17

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developed a vaccine against smallpox (a disease whose path of death
spanned for centuries)

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Edward Jenner

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had transformed the way people in Europe looked at the world

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The Scientific Revolution of the 1500s and the 1600s

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or rules discoverable by reason governed scientific forces such as gravity and magnetism using the new science reformers thus set out to study human behavior and solve the problems of society

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Natural Law

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Scientific Revolution led to another revolution in thinking known as the

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Enlightenment

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A German philosopher best known for his work The Critique of Pure Reason­ was one of the first to describe this era with the word “Enlightenment”

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Immanuel Kant

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were two 17th century English thinkers set forth ideas that were to become key to the Enlightenment they both lived through the upheavals of the English Civil War, but they both came to different conclusions

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Thomas Hobbes and John Locke

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outlined his ideas in his work titled Leviathan­ he argued that people were naturally cruel, greedy and selfish and if not strictly controlled they would fight, rob, and oppress another “life of nature”­without laws or other control­ would be “solitary , poor, nasty, brutish, and short”

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Hobbes

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an agreement by which they gave up their freedom for an organized society. Hobbes believed that a powerful government could ensure an orderly society

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Social Contract

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had more of an optimistic view of human nature. he thought people were basically reasonable and moral. He stated further that they had certain natural right

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Locke

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or rights that belong to all humans from birth

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Natural Rights

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which means philosophers­ their ideas soon spread beyond France and even beyond Europe

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Philosophes

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was an early influential thinker­ he studied the governments of Europe from Italy to England­ he read about ancient and medieval Europe, learned about Chinese and Native American cultures­ his sharp criticism of absolute monarch would open doors for later debate. His great work was The Spirit of the Laws, in which he discussed governments throughout history­ he believed that the best way to protect liberty was to divide the various functions and powers of government among three branches (legislative, executive, and judicial)

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Montesquieu

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One of the Most famous philosophes was Francois­Marie Arouet­ who took the name

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Voltaire

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he used his wit as a weapon to expose abuses of his day­ he targeted corrupt officials and idle aristocrats­ with his pen he battled inequality, injustice, and superstition­ he detested the slave trade and deplored religious prejudice

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Voltaire

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worked for years to produce a 28­volume set of books called the: Encyclopedia his work was to do more than just compile articles ­ he wanted to “change the general way of thinking” by explaining ideas on topics such as government,philosophy ,a religion his work include articles by leading thinkers of the day including Montesquieu and Voltaire

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Denis Diderot

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believed that people in their natural state were basically good­ that natural innocence he felt was corrupted by evils of society, especially the unequal distribution of property. Many reformers and revolutionaries later adopted this view

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Jean-Jacques Rousseau

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leading figures of the American and French Revolutions

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Thomas Paine and Marquis de Lafayette

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greatly admired the physiocrats­ in his influential work The Wealth of Nations ­he argued that the free market should be allowed to regulate business activity

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Adam Smith

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restricting access to ideas and information ­ they banned and burned books and imprisoned writers

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Censorship

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informal social gatherings art which writers, artists, philsophes, and others exchanged ideas. originated in the 1600s when a group of noblewomen in Paris began inviting a few friends to their homes for poetry readings

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Salons

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in this style painters were huge, colorful and full of excitement­ they glorified historic battles or the lives of saints

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Baroque

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art moved away from religions and was lighter, elegant , and charming (compared to the heavy splendor of the baroque style)

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Rococo

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A German Lutheran, he wrote beautiful religious works for organ and choirs, he also wrote sonatas for violin and harpsichord

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Johann Sebastian Bach

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was one of the most important figures in the development of classical music­ he helped develop forms for the string quartet and the symphony­

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Franz Joseph Haydn

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who was a child prodigy who gained instant celebrity status as a composers and a performer­ his brilliant operas, graceful symphonies and moving religious music helped define the new style of composition­ even though he died in poverty at age 35 his musical legacy still thrives today.

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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

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wrote Robinson Crusoe

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Daniel Defoe

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an exciting tale about a sailor shipwrecked on a tropical island

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Robinson Crusoe

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absolute rulers

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Enlightened Despots

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who used their power to bring about political and social change

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Absolute Ruler

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known as Frederick the Great­ he exerted extremely tight control over his subjects during his reign as king of Prussia from 1740 ­1786

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Fredrick II

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the empress of Russia­ read the works of the philosophes and exchanged letters with Voltaire and Diderot­ she praised Voltaire as someone who had “fought the united enemies of humankind: superstition, fanaticism, ignorance, trickery”

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Catherine the Great

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believed in the Enlightenment ideas of equality and liberty.She became empress in 1762 toyed with implementing Enlightenment ideas­ early in her reign she was made some limited reforms in law and government. abolished torture and establish religious tolerance in her lands. she granted nobles a charter of rights and criticized the institution of serfdom

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Catherine the Great

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Continued reform ­in Austria. he was an eager student of the Enlightenment, and he traveled in disguise among his subjects to learn of their problems. supported religious equality for Protestants and Jews in his Catholic Empire­ he ended censorship by allowing a free press and attempted to bring the Catholic Church under royal control. he sold the property of many monasteries that were not involved in education or care of the sick and used the processed to support those that were­. he even abolished serfdom

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Joseph II

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ruled as an absolute monarch­ although she did not push for reforms, she is considered to be an enlightened despot by some historians because she worked to improve peasants’ way of life

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Maria Theresa

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began a 60 year reign­ unlike his father and ing was born in England. He spoke English and loved Britain.He was eager to recover the powers the crown had lost. He wanted to end the Whig domination, choose his own ministers, dissolve the cabinet system, and make Parliament follow his will. Many of his policies later would prove to be disastrous

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George III

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1764 which imposed import taxes

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Sugar Act

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in 1765­ which imposed taxes on items such as newspapers and pamphlets “No taxation without representation” the colonist protests­ they believed that since they did not have a representative in Parliament they should not be taxed

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Stamp Act

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Colonists called the death of five protesters the

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Boston Massacre

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in 1773 a handful of colonies hurled a cargo of recently arrived British tea into the harbor to protest a tax on tea­this act became known as the

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Boston Tea Party

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consisted of Representatives from each colony (they gathered in Philadelphia) debated on what action they should take.
Among the reps was a radical yet fairmined Massachusetts lawyer John Adams, who had defended the British soldiers involved in the Boston Massacre in their trial

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First Continental Congress

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a Virginia Planter, soldier, political, and social leader was also present and the First Continental Congress (and eventually the First American President)

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George Washington

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On April 1775 the ongoing tension between the Colonists and the British exploded into war in Lexington and Concord, Mass.The war is know as the

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Revolutionary War or American Revolution

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of Virginia was the principal author of the Declaration of Independence­which is a document that reflects John Locke’s ideas of the government’s obligation to protect the people’s natural rights to “life, liberty, and property.”

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Thomas Jefferson

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which states that all government power comes from the people, is also an important point in the Declaration

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Popular Sovereignty

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Ended the Revolutionary War or American Revolution

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Treaty of Pairs

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The Articles of Confederation was the United States first constitution­ it proved to be too weak to rule. to address this problem the nations leaders gathered once more in Philadelphia­ among them were

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George Washington, James Madison, and Benjamin Franklin

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with its powers divided between the federal/ national government and the states. Another feature was that the constitution separated the powers of the federal government into the legislative, executive, and the judicial branches (an idea borrowed from Montesquieu).

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Federal Republic