298 Crusades Lecture 20 April 16

Question 1

50. Calling the Fifth Crusade

In 1212, Almohads destroyed.

Most of the Toulousain secured by end of 1211. Crusade suspended in 1213

Excellent time for Innocent to turn his attention east

Answer 1

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Question 2

51. There was a truce between teh Franks and Sultan al-Adil of Egypt, renewed in 1211, expiring in 1217

But Christians quite weak, penned up in northern Syria

Answer 2

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Question 3

52. Casus belli

Mu ‘azzam, al-Adil’s son, had fortified Mt Tabor in western Galilee. Threat to Acre

Place where Christ had revealed a vision of his future glory to his disciples

Answer 3

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Question 4

53. Western leaders amenable.

Crusading had long become a way of settling disputes

Answer 4

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Question 5

54. German succession currently in dispute.

Dispossessed nobles in southern France

England under interdict since 1208. King John eager to reconcile

Answer 5

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Question 6

55. Innocent placed the resolution of civil conflict at the heart of the preaching of the new crusade.

Ecclesiastical arbitration on material as well as spiritual problems.

Answer 6

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Question 7

56. Plenitudo Potestatis.Fulness of Power

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Question 8

57. As believers, we all believe in judgment day. Responsible primarily for ourselves. But priest responsible for his flock to a degree.

Since this is the case, this is why priest can speak out about what you should and should not do for every aspect of your life that has a moral component.

Priest has a right to be heard. Then scale this up.

Answer 8

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Question 9

58. Fifth Crusade was a not dominated by the French, as had been true of the other cruades

Answer 9

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Question 10

59. Problem, though: exquisitely planned, called for crusaders from all across Europe

no leader

Frederick II supposed to be leader, but he doesn’t get around to the Holy Land until after he’s been excommunicated for not going.

Answer 10

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Question 11

60. Characterized by Piecemeal departures

Stay in Holy Land at most 1 year

Answer 11

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Question 12

61. Focus on Egypt.

Damietta

Answer 12

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Question 13

62. Francis of Assisi came to Egypt to try to convert al-Kamil.

No accomodation: eradication

but in the crusader camp and Europe more generally, desire to convert, not exterminate, the Muslims.

part of this a growing appreciation of the size, racial, and religious diversity of hte world

Answer 13

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Question 14

63. Twice al-Kamil offered to hand over Jerusalem in crusaders would leave Egypt

Twice he is refused

Answer 14

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Question 15

64. How to understand rejection?

Propehtic documents supposedly claiming capture of Damietta and fall of Egypt

fits into crusade mentality

Answer 15

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Question 16

65. To ignore prophecy in favor of naked, short-term interests of King John de Brienne of Jerusalem would have been treasonous to God’s purpose

prophecies worked within a cosmology wending its way toward Judgment Day

Answer 16

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Question 17

66. Also, not strategically viable as al-Kamil would not give up Transjordan

Answer 17

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Question 18

Spanish Reconquista

Both is and is not a crusade

Answer 18

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Question 19

Only a handful of the military campaigns officially a crusade

Sometimes regarded as a holy war. But for most of the 500 years not driven by religious enmity.

711 Muslims invade Spain.
1492 Grenada falls and reconquista ends.

Answer 19

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Question 20

So slow to think of it as a single event a mistake.

Most people did not care. Some towns changed hands dozens of times.

Every leader is equally as bad.

Answer 20

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Question 21

Greatest amount of everyday inter-religious contact.

So remembered in both the Muslim and Christian worlds.

Greater willingness to put up with one another.

Answer 21

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Question 22

High central plateau in the center of the peninsula. Cattle country.

Mountains north and south leading to the coast. Cities along the coast. Live a Mediterranean style of life.

Coastal aristocracy different from the feudal aristocracy of the meseta. Awareness of two different societies. Tension between them.

Answer 22

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Question 23

Spanish Christianity
Visigoths were Arian Christians.

Around 600 the king and leaders of Arian church decide to renounce Arianism and adopt Latin Christianity. They had gone through soul- searching. Held public debates and councils on the issue. After several years they decide to switch in 597.

And then in a hundred years the Muslims take over.

Answer 23

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Question 24

Christian commoners may be the most educated Christians in Europe when the Muslims come in. Zeal of converts.

When Muslims take over, they cannot and do not want to ram Islam down the throats of the population. Dhimmi status. World of get along to prosper.

Answer 24

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Question 25

750 Abbasids begin the Persianization of the empire. Spain the first to break away. Alters religious relationships. Siege- mentality. We are legitimate became the flame of jihad still exists in us. But some leaders tolerant, while others are intolerant.

Answer 25

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Question 26

Medieval Spain does prosper. Cordoba gorgeous. Quickly the wealthiest city in Europe, second only to Constantinople. Where did the money come from? Black African slaves brought into Europe, so cheap labor and chief slave supplier.

Answer 26

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Question 27

C. 1000. Spanish March in the north comprised of 7 to 8 principalities. Hear stories that relations in the South are getting really bad. And out of north Africa, reform movements coming in.

Answer 27

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Question 28

Occasional, but large scale Christian persecution. Did happen. Efforts begin by northerners to take action into the south. Rescue the Christians. Also a desire to win back lost land. Competition between the northern lands.

Answer 28

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Question 29

Oscillating line develops. Early attempts have nothing to do with crusade. Church not involved and lords don't want it to be. Church never preaches crusade to holy land in Spain.

Answer 29

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Question 30

Majority in Spain don't see what they're doing as a crusade. As the border moves south, constant immediate problem: commoners flee. In charge of a vastly depopulated area. To keep people on land, had to import them. Send out emissaries to local Muslim populations, enticing with privileges and protections. This works. The reverse happened on the part of the Muslim lords. Contributes to the commoners not caring.

Answer 30

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Question 31

El Cid Based on a real person. Rodrigo Dias de Vivar. Died c. 1099. Generally accurate in the atmosphere it portrays.. Feudal values of nobility, courage, service.

Answer 31

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Question 32

Rodrigo basically a sword for hire. Loyal to a northern king and fought Muslims and Christians. King died and brother takes over. R breaks away as an autonomous lord. Oocasnonal mercenary. Would fight at times for the Muslim lords against Christian lords (majority of the poem).

Answer 32

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Question 33

Friends with the Muslims. Personal loyalty to people trancends. Not thought of as a traitor or opportunist. He exemplifies what is best about Spain. Most noble characters Muslims and Jews.

Answer 33

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Question 34

Once North begins the reconquest, they are in competition with each other. But al-Andalus fractures into taifa (principalities) . No clear side A versus B. More than 200 soldiers: really big battle. Mostly small skirmishes.

Answer 34

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