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bio igcse > 2f+2g = respiration + gas exchange > Flashcards

2f+2g = respiration + gas exchange Flashcards

1
Q

why does every cell need energy

A

to perform faily fxs

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2
Q

where does a cell get its energy form

A

respiration given energy in the form of ATP

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3
Q

what type of reaction is respiration

A

exotherminc- sometime, energy is given off as heat

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4
Q

where and when does respiration happen

A

where = EVERY cell, mitochondria
when = constantly !

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5
Q

diff between aerobic and anaerobic

A

aerobic = w/ 02, whilst anaerobic = w/o 02, anaerobic produces less energy (ATP) compared to aerobic, anaerobic can probuce lactic acid = possibility of pain and oxygen debt !

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6
Q

aerobic eq (BALANCE!)

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP + (HEAT)

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7
Q

respiration def (2marker!)

A

the break down of nutrient molecules to release the stored chemical energy that they contain in order to gain the energy needed for cells to crry out their many fxs.

respiration releases energy, other poress use it up

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8
Q

what happens to ATP when energy is needed?

A

ATP –> ADP + P

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9
Q

what happens to ATP during respiration

A

ADP + P –> ATP

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10
Q

what is anaerobic respiration def?/ when does it occour

A

the incomplete breakdown of glucose, without oxygen, therefore, less energy is released.

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11
Q

2 diff types of anaerobic resp

A
  • animals
  • plants + yeast
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12
Q

anaerobic resp in animals/

A

glucose —> lactic acid + SOME ENERGY

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13
Q

anaerobic resp in plants + yeast (fermenetation)

A

glucose –> ethanol + carbon dioxide + SOME ENERGY

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14
Q

what can a build up of lactic acid cause

A

a build up of lactic acid = cramp, due to a lack of 02 to muscles (using mroe energy than provided, cant aerobically respire)

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15
Q

whats is EPOC

A

excess post-excercise oxygen consumption

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16
Q

explain EPOC + eq + how its repaid

A

bc of anaerobic respiration, it leads to a build up of lactic acid. therefore, in order to reove cramps and lactic acid, a lot of O2 is needed in order to oxidise it. called an oxygen debt thats has to be repaid, l

lactic acid + oxygen –> water + carbon dioxide

it can be repaid by a high heart rate and high breathing rate

NO ENERGY IS RELEASED WHEN LACTIC ACID OXIDISES !!!

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17
Q

why do we need O2 during strenous activity

A

muscles move alot, blood cannot reach them fast enough to deilver enough O2.

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18
Q

explain how the gaurd cells can open the sotma

A

when gaural cells gain water and become turgid, they curve outwards, and this opens the stoma, allowing gasses in and out

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19
Q

explain how the guard cells clsoe the stoma

A

losing water causes gaurd cells to become flaccid, and come together, closing the stomata, and stopping movement of water and gasses.

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20
Q

what does net gas exchange in plants depend on?

A

net gas exchange depends on how much light is available/light intesntity

21
Q

which gassess are released and used up in ps and resp?

A

ps: co2 enters, o2 exits
resp: 02 enters, co2 exits.

! SAME AMNT OF EACH BC EACH IS 6 MOLES AND 1:1 RATIO AND MOLES OF SUBSTANCES = SAME !

22
Q

OVERALL leaf adaptations for gas exchange?

A
  • thin = short diff distance
  • braod = higher surface area and better diffusion
  • airspaces in spongy mesophyll allow gases to easily move to all cells
  • stomata can close when dark
  • guard cells can control the opening and closing of stomata
23
Q

what is the def of gas exchange in humans

A

process of oxygen and co2 moving between lungs and blood

24
Q

path of air

A

nasal cavity –> trachea –> bronchi –> bronichioles –> alveioli

25
Q

pleuerl membranes fx?

A

thin and moist to form airtight cavity

26
Q

pleural fluid fx?

A

lubrication to help the surfaces of lung not stick to membranes +

+ helps adhere the lung walls and membranes througgh water cohesion, so lungs can expand w chest.

REDUCES FRICTION

27
Q

what type of cartiladge supports the trachea?

A

incomplete, c-shaped rings of cartiladge in TRACHEA, open part faces the oesopheagus, so when food is moving through peristalsis, the open bits makes the food travel easier.,

28
Q

what does ventilation meab

A

air moving in/out of lungs

29
Q

what is necessary for ventialtio

A

pressure difference !

30
Q

explain the process of inhalation

A
  1. intercostal muscles contract,
  2. ribs move up and out
  3. diaphragm contracts and flattens
  4. volume of thorax cavity increases, pressure decreases
  5. therefore, in order for the pressue within lungs and atmospheric pressure to equalise, air moves into lungs
31
Q

explain the pricess of exhalation

A
  1. intercorsatl muscles relax
  2. ribs move down and in
  3. diaphrgm relaxes into og dome shape
  4. volume of thorax cavity decreases, pressure increases.
  5. therefore, in order for the pressure within lungs and atmospheric pressure to reach equillibrium, air rushes out of lungs
32
Q

alveoli adaptations? (6)

A
  • thin, one cell thick = shot diffusion distance
  • covered w network of fine capillaries, allowing gasses to pass directly
  • rich blood supply = steeper concentration gradient = encourages diffusion rates
  • walls are permeable
  • moist = high water content = encourages gas molecules to easily dissolve
  • large combined surface area = large amnts of gases to be exchanged
33
Q

what happens in alveoli during inhalation?

A

the oxygen from the alveolus diffuses to the blood cappilary, this then transforms the deoxygeneated bllood cells into oxygenated ones.

34
Q

what happens in alveoli during exhalatuon?

A

the carbon dioxide from deoxygenated red blood cells in capillaries diffuses into tthe alveolus and then is exhaled

35
Q

why is carbon dioxide being carried by the rbcs in the exhalation of the alveoli?

A

red blood cells fx = carry o2 to lungs and tissue.
- for tissue to aerobically respire, to produce atp, and therefore releases co2.
- rbc carries this co2 given as waste, and then takes the co2 through veins to alveoli, to exhale !!!!

36
Q

4 major chems in cigg smoke

A

tar, nicotine, carbon monoxide, particulates

37
Q

blurt effect of nicotine

A

addictive drug = stimulant and linked to stimulate dopamine levels of joy

  • anti depressent and highly addictive
38
Q

blurt on tar

A

black sticky carcinogen

39
Q

carbon monoxide blurt !

A

toxic gas whicg prevents o2 from being carried by haemoglob by rbcs bc CO has a higher affinity w heaamoglobin than o2, therefore co = carried

40
Q

particulates blurt!

A

dust particles in tobacco smoke, damages the cillia of epithelial cells

41
Q

what are carcogenic substances?

A

a substance that causes cancer

42
Q

3 main diseases form smokibg?

A
  • bronchitis
  • lung cancer
  • emphysema
43
Q

emphysema blyr !

A

smoke damages the wals of alveoli, forming large irregular spaces

reduces surface area, thereforem os cant be transported as efficiently from alveolus –> rbc and same w co2 from rbc –> alveolus

44
Q

bronchitis bluyrt !

A

cilia lining the airways becomes damaged, killed and paralysed
- more mucus is collected in airways
- can cause infections and block normal airflow

cillia fx = the little hairs that beat back and forth, to sweep away dsut and mucus from trachea and bronchi !

tar and particulates build up paralyses cillia, meaning they are stopped from doing their fx and allows dust and mucus to build up

45
Q

DESCRIBEE

Practical: Investigate the Evolution of Carbon Dioxide from Respiring Seeds or Other Suitable Organisms

A

METHOD:
- 1 end of a capillary tube is attached to a flask of NaOH to allow the inflow of air

  • A conical flask is connected by a capillary tube to a flask of hydrogen carbonate
  • This flask is connected by a capillary tube to a flask of respiring organism (e.g worms)
  • This Flask is connected by a capillary tube to a flask of Hydrogen Carbonate (indicator B)
  • Lastly, one end of a capillary tube is attached to this flask to allow the outflow of Air (outlet pipe)

RESULT:

As air enters the first capillary tube, Sodium Hydroxide will absorb and remove Carbon Dioxide, therefore causing Hydrogen Carbonate indicator to turn red (indicator A)
As air (deficient of Carbon Dioxide but abundant in Oxygen) enters the flask of respiring organisms, organisms will respire aerobically to produce Carbon Dioxide as waste product, therefore causing Hydrogen Carbonate indicator to turn Yellow (indicator B)
This hence shows the production of Carbon Dioxide by living organisms, showing the evolution of Carbon Dioxide

46
Q

DESCRIBE

Practical: Investigate the Evolution of HEAT from Respiring Seeds or Other Suitable Organisms

A

METHOD:

  • Two Thermo Flasks are Set Up, One with Germinating Seeds, Another with Boiled Seeds
  • Thermometer Wrapped in Cotton Wool (Prevents Heat from Escaping) are Added
  • Initial Temperature is Recorded
  • Seeds are Left for a Few Days
  • Final Temperature is Recorded

RESULT:

  • As the Germinating Seeds are Alive, They will be Respiring Aerobically, Producing Energy in the Form of Heat, Causing the Temperature of Thermo Flask to Rise as a Result
  • As the Boiled Seeds have Died, They will Not be Respiring Aerobically, Therefore No Energy is Produced, Causing the Temperature to Remain the Same
47
Q

DESCIRBE THE EFFECT ON NET GAS EXCHANGE DEPENDEDNT ON LIGHT INTENSITY

A
  • rinse 3 clean test tubes w distilled water and w hydrogencarbonate indicator itself
  • laabel tts 1-3
  • use a pippette to place 2 cm3 of hydrogen carbonate indicator in each tube
  • clsoe each tube w rubber bung
  • roll the leaf so that the upper surface outwards and slide it into tube 1 so it is held against wall of tt but not touch the indicator.
  • repeat w tube 2
  • not w tube 3 (tube 3 = control)
  • cover tube 1 w aluminium foil to exclude light
  • place tts few cm away from bech lamp
  • wait 40 mins/fixed amnt of time and compare all results

tube 1 (dark) = yellow, bc more resp and more co2
tube 2 (light) = red (constance bc same amnt of ps and resp is done and moth gases released/used = 6 moles !)
tub 3 (noleaf) = red bc thats normal atmosphereic content

48
Q

deisgn an experiment on the breathing in humans and breathing rate

A

C - the state of activeness of a person
O - a person of same sex, age and height
R - repeat 3 times
M - the breathing rate
M - we calculate it through counting the number of inhalations within a minute
S- same excercise
S - same time spent excerciing

49
Q
A

bio igcse (10 decks)

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