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bio igcse > 3a sexual reproduction > Flashcards

3a sexual reproduction Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

asexual reproduction (facts, pros, cons)

A

no of parents: 1
haploid: no
fertilisation: no
genetic: identical
cell division: mitosis

pros: faster, favourable conditions
cons: indentical, smaller gene pool, susceptible to disease

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2
Q

sexual reproduction (facts, pros, cons)

A

no of parents: 2
haploid: yes
fertilisation: yes
genetic: variation
cell division: miesos for gameres, mitosis for growth

pros: variation, survive, larger gene pool
cons: more energy, slower, finding a mate

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3
Q

haploid vs diploid

A

haploid = half the number of chromosomes (23)

diploid = full number of chromosomes (46/ 23 pairs)

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4
Q

fertilisation

A

the fusion of the nuclei of the sperm cell and egg cell

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5
Q

asexual examples

A
  1. plants develop underground food storage organs that develop into future parts (TUBERS AND BULBS ) (Natural)
  2. plants produce side branches w runners and produce plants on them (natural)
  3. plants, CUTTINGS (artificial), branch cut-off and stems planted, hormones encourage new roots to develop
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6
Q

PENIS

A

delivers sperm into vagina during sex

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7
Q

TESTES

A

produce sperm

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8
Q

EPIDIDYMYS

A

stores sperm

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9
Q

SPERM DUCT/ VAS DEFERNES

A

tube that carrier sperm into tester
joins uthera

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10
Q

SEMINAL VESICLE

A

adds fluid to sperm during ejaculation = semen

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11
Q

SCROTUM

A

sacs of skin that contract/relax to keep testes cool

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12
Q

ERECTILE TISSUE

A

tissue that hardens during ejaculation and sex

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13
Q

FALLOPIAN TUBES/OVIDUCT

A

tubes which connect to ovaries to uterus carry egg to uterus

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14
Q

UTERUS

A

carries fetus

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15
Q

OVARIES

A

produce female hormones and stores/releases ovum (egg)

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16
Q

VAGINA

A

leads to uterus

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17
Q

VULVA

A

external sex organs for female

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18
Q

CERVIX

A

opening to uterus

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19
Q

SPERM STRUCTURE AND ADAPTATIONS

A

TAIL: propulsion and swimming
MIDPIECE: mitochondria for swimming
ACROSOME: sac of enzymes to break down ZONA PELLUCIDA to enter egg

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20
Q

EGG STRUCTURE AND ADAPTATIONS

A

ZONA PELLUCIDE: outer protein layer to regulate amnt of sperm entering
CORTICAL GRANULES: releases enzymes to harden outer layer (so no more sperm enters)

ZP = CELL MEMBRANE

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21
Q

MALE SECONDARY CHARS

A

TESTOSTERONE

  1. sperm production
  2. growth and development of sex organs
  3. growth of pubic hair
  4. increase in body mass, growth is muscles
  5. voice breaks
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22
Q

FEMALE SECONDARY CHARS

A

OESTROGEN

  1. menstrual cycle begins, ovulation
  2. growth and development of sex organs
  3. growth of pubic hair
  4. increase in body mass, hips develop
  5. breasts develop
  6. voice deepens
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23
Q

MENSTRUAL CYCLE (DAY 0)

Study These Flashcards
A
  • cycle begins
  • old egg shed along w uterus lining (endometrium)
24
Q

MENSTRUAL CYCLE DAY 5

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A
  • period stops
  • FSH release
  • stimulates ovum to mature and develop
25
MENSTRUAL CYCLE DAY 7
- ovum signals to ovaries, as they develop - ovaries start to produce oestroegn - thickens uterus lining
26
MENSTRUAL CYCLE DAY 14
- ovaries now prod more oestrogen - brain stop FSH, starts LH - LH triggers ovulation - LH TRIGGERS PROGESTERONE RELEASE - ovum travels down fallopian to uterus
27
MENSTRUAL CYCLE DAY 20
- ovum reaches uterus (IF PREGNANT) - progesterone maintains thickness of utereus lining (endometrium) *empty egg follicle = corpus luteum = secretes prog, provides nutrients and protection* *no pregnancy, production of prog stores, menstruation occurs and cycle restarts (0-28/32 days)
28
MENSTRUAL CYCLE DAY 28
- end of cycle - if egg fertilised = stops - otherwise, will shed from womb - next egg released from alternate ovary
29
HORMONE SUMMARY
1. FSH 2. OESTROGEN 3. STOP FSH 4. LH 5. PROG 7. STOP LH
30
AFTER FERTILISATION..
- FERTILISATION - zygote - embryo (16 cells) - implantation - foetus after development more
31
PLACENTA ROLE
- allows substances to diffuse from mothers blodd to fetus into: o2, glucose, AA, fats, H20, vits & mins, antibodies out of: urea,CO2 prevents some substances (drugs, alcahhol, pathogens) BLOOD NEVERRR MIXES increasing RODO (thin membranes and large sa) = increases rate of GROWTH
32
AMNION (fluid and sac) ROLE
- cushions and protects fetus from bumps - prevents pathogens via vaina from getting to fetus water reaks = amniotic sac breaks
33
UMBILICAL CORD
connect placenta to embryo
34
PLANT GAMETES
MALE = POLLEN FEMALE = OVULE flower = sex organ of plant
35
MALE PART OF FLOWER?
STAMEN = anther + filament
36
FEMALE PART OF THE FLOWER
CARPEL = stigma + style + ovary + ovule
37
ANTHER
produces pollen
38
FILAMENT
holds anther
39
PETAL
coloured parts attract animals and insects
40
SEPAL
covers flower in bud and protects it
41
PENDUCLE + RECEPTACLE
supports flower, connect to stem
42
NECTARY
attracts animals and insects
43
OVARY (Plant)
produces ovules & encloses seeds when they form
44
STYLE
SITE OF FERTILISATION (where fertilisation = fusion of nuclei of gametes of ovule and pollen ) connects stigma to ovary
45
STIGMA
sticky site for pollen to be deposited
46
POLLINATION DEFINITION AND 2 TYPES
= transfer of pollen from anther to stigma of a plant 1. SELF POLLINATION - within same flower (plant and species) 2. CROSS POLLINATION - within diff flowers (diff species)
47
WIND FLOWER ADAPTATIONS (7)
POSITION OF STAMEN: exposed in wind, pollen easy to blow away POSITION OF STIGMA: exposed, to catch TYPE OF STIGMA: feathery, to catch SIZE OF PETALS: small COLOUR OF PETALS: no brightly colour (reg. green) NECTARIES: no POLLEN GRAINS: smaller, smooth, inflated to carry in wind
48
INSECT POLLINATED ADAPTATIONS
POSITION OF STAMEN: in flower to insect makes contact (collects pollen) POSITION OF STIGMA: in flower so insect makes contact (pollination) TYPE OF STIGMA: sticky to it attaches to insect SIZE OF PETALS: large to attract COLOUR OF PETALS: bright to attract NECTARIES: yes, attract POLLEN GRAINS: larger, sticky grains/ w hooks, stick to insect body
49
FERTILISATION PROCESS IN PLANTS
1. POLLINATION: pollen lands on stigma, will attatch to specific receptors 2. pollen tube grows down style, via release of digestive enzymes 3. pollen tube grows towards ovary and enters ovule via micropyle (opening) 4. nucleus of pollen passes down tube to fertilise ovule 5. fertilised ovule = embryo = seed ovule = seed, ovary = fruit
50
PROS OF SEED DISPERSAL
- parent plant = less compitition - more likely to cross pollinate w parent plant - genetic variation
51
CONS OF SEED DISPERSAL
- not easy, invest energy into methods - unfavourable conditions
52
METHODS OF SEED DISPERSAL
wind (seeds fly) animals (eat fruit, egest seed) water (drops and floats) explosion (pressure releases seeds and they fly away)
53
SEED TRANSFORMATION
root = radicle shoot = plumule ovule = food store for germination ovule wall = testa/seed coat
54
WHAT IS GERMINATION AND WHAT IS NEEDED?
= DEVELOPMENT OF A SEED INTO A PLANT utilises food reserves bc no ps, as no light requires: - OXYGEN - WATER I - GLUCOSE FROM STARCH STORES
55
GROWTH AND PARTS OF A SEED
1. (grows first) RADICLE, grows down into soil = roots and absorbs water and mineral ions 2. (grows 2nd) PLUMULE, grows upwards towards light = shoot, starts ps 3. COTELYDON: food store of carbs and starch, provides nutrients for RADICLE and PLUMULE to grow until ps 4. TESTA/SEED COAT: for protection, comes off in the end

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