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Microbiology > 2nd Internals important > Flashcards

2nd Internals important Flashcards

Bacteria, virus, protozoa, fungi of GIT, RT, SKIN (110 cards)

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1
Q

Biochemical tests of staph aureus

A

Gram +
B hemolytic
Catalase, coagulase +

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2
Q

Biochemical tests of staph. Epidermidis

A 
Catalase +
Coagulase -
Urease +
Novobiocin sensitive
Does not ferment mannitol
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3
Q

Biochemical tests of Staph. Saprophyticus

A

Catalase +
Coagulase -
Urease +
Novobiocin resistant

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4
Q

Biochemical tests of strep. Pneumoniae

A

A hemolytic
Lancelet shaped
Optochin sensitive
Bile soluble

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5
Q

Biochemical tests of strep. Viridans

A

A hemolytic
Optochin resistant
Bile insoluble

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6
Q

Cell wall VIRULENCE factors of Staph. Aureus

A

Peptidoglycan
Teichoic acid
Clumping factor - slide coagulase
Protein A - coaggultination - binds to Fc-IgG and protects from complement and phagocytosis

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7
Q

Toxins of staph. Aureus

A 
Alpha, beta, gamma, delta hemolysins
PV toxin
Exfoliative toxin
Enterotoxin
TSST-1, TSST-2
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8
Q

Toxic manifestations of staph. Aureus

A

Toxic shock syndrome
Food poisoning (6-8 hrs)
Scalded Skin Syndrome

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9
Q

Inflammatory manifestations of staph. Aureus

A 
Endocarditis
Abscesses
Impetigo
Pneumonia
Septic arthritis
Osteomyelitis
Skin infections
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10
Q

MRSA due to

A

Alteration in penicillin binding protein coded by mecA gene

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11
Q

Staph. Epidermidis causes

A

Prosthetic device related infections

Stitch abscess

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12
Q

Staph epidermidis protected by

A

Biofilm formation.

Protects it from host defence and antibiotics

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13
Q

Staph. Saprophyticus manifestations

A

UTI in female genital tract

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14
Q

Cell wall VIRULENCE factors of strep. Pyogenes

A

Lipoteichoic Acid
C carbohydrate antigens
M proteins
Capsule

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15
Q

Toxins of strep. Pyogenes

A

Streptolysin O
Streptolysin S
Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin - superantigens

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16
Q

Enzymes of strep. Pyogenes

A

Streptokinase
DNAse
Hyaluronidase

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17
Q

Immunological manifestations of strep. Pyogenes

A

Rheumatic fever

Glomerulonephritis

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18
Q

Toxin mediated manifestations of strep. Pyogenes

A

Toxic Shock like syndrome
Scarlet fever
Necrotising fasciitis

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19
Q

Pyogenic manifestations of strep. Pyogenes

A

Pharyngitis
Cellulitis
Impetigo - honey crusted lesions
Erysipelas

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20
Q

Biochemical tests of strep. Pyogenes

A

Bactiracin sensitive

Pyrrolidonyl arylamidase +

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21
Q

VIRULENCE factors of clostridium perfringes

A

Alpha, beta, epsilon, iota toxins
Heat labile enterotoxin
Bursting factor
Neuraminidase

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22
Q

Wound infections of c. Perfringens

A

Contamination
Cellulitis
Gas gangrene

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23
Q

Enteric infections of c. Perfringens

A

Food poisoning
Enteritis necroticans (Gas gangrene of bowel)
Necrotising enterocolitis
Gangrenous appendicitis

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24
Q

Mechanism of viridans streptococci

A

Makes dextrans that bind to fibrin-platelet aggregates on damaged heart valves -> subacute bacterial endocarditis

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25
Scarlet fever
Blanching Sandpaper like body rash Strawberry tongue Circumoral pallor
26
Biochemical tests of strep. Agalactiae
``` Bactiracin resistant Beta hemolytic Hippurate + PYR - CAMP + with staph. Aureus ```
27
Strep. Agalactiae affects
Babies (pneumonia)
28
Enterococci tests
``` Gram + Penicillin G resistant Catalase - PYR + Can grow in 6.5 percent NaCl and bile No hemolysis VRE ```
29
Bacillus cereus Manifestations
Emetic type - cereulide - 1-5 hrs Diarrhreal type - water, non bloody diarrhea - 8-18hrs Keratitis, meningitis, osteomyelitis, pneumonia
30
Properties of spores of bacillus cereus
Spores survive cooking rice (reheated rice syndrome) | Cooking - germination of spores and enterotoxin formation
31
Agar of bacillus cereus
MYPA - Mannitol, Egg Yolk, Polymyxin B, Phenol red agar
32
Clostridium botulinum toxin and it's mechanism
Heat labile | Inhibits ACh release at NMJ
33
Clostridium botulinum mode of transmission
Baby - ingestion of spores (floppy baby syndrome) | Adult - ingestion of performed toxin
34
Clostridium botulinum treatment
Human botulinum Ig
35
Clostridium botulinum symptoms
``` Diplopia Dysarthria Dysphagia Dyspnea Descending flaccid paralysis ```
36
Clostridium botulinum toxin A therapeutic uses
Focal dystonia Muscle spasms Hyperhidrosis Reduction of facial wrinkles
37
Morphology of Clostridium botulinum
Non capsulated Gram + Bacilli Peritrichate flagella
38
Lab DX of Clostridium botulinum
RCM broth | Toxin demonstration: mouse bioassay
39
Clostridium perfringens causes
Gas gangrene Food poisoning Necrotising enterocolitis
40
Clostridium perfringens toxin and mechanism
Alpha toxin - lecithinase (phospholipase) Activates platelet GP 2b/3a receptors on platelet -> platelet aggregation -> b.v occlusion Also directly decreases myocardial contractility
41
Gas gangrene symptoms
``` Crepitus Foul smelling discharge Edema Pain Gangrenous tissue gets liquefied and is sloughed off ```
42
Lab DX of clostridium perfringens
Gram + Subterminal spores Thick stubby bacilli RCMB Naeglers rxn - opalscene around streak line in egg yolk agar Reverse CAMP - with S. Agalactiae
43
Clostridioides difficle toxins and mechanism
A and B - damage actin - cell shape and size -> water diarrhea, pseudomembranous colitis
44
Clostridioides difficle infection is due to
Prolonged antibiotic use (cephalosporin)
45
Clostridioides difficle agar
CCFA | CCYA
46
Cornybacterium diphtheria lab dx
Chinese letter pattern Metachromatic granules (Loeffler media) Albert stain Black colonies - cysteine tellurite agar Eleks gel precipitation test
47
Cornybacterium diphtheria diseases
``` Diphtheria (pseudomembranous pharyngitis) Lymphadenopathy Myocarditis Arrythmias Neuropathy ```
48
Cornybacterium diphtheria mechanism
Beta prophage -> exotoxin -> ADP ribosylation of EF2 -> inhibit protein synthesis
49
H. Influenza manifestations
Epiglottitis Meningitis Otitis media Pneumonia
50
Morphology of H. Influenza
Gram - Coccobacilli Capsulated/unencapsulated
51
H. Influenza produces
IgA protease
52
H. Influenza lab dx
Chocolate agar Needs factor V and X Or with S. Aureus - satellitism Quellung reaction
53
H. Influenza vaccine from
Type b capsular polysaccharide
54
Bordutella pertussis morphology
Gram - | Coccobacilli
55
Bordutella pertussis toxins
Pertussis toxin Adenylate cyclase Toxin Tracheal cytotoxin
56
Bordutella pertussis stages
Catarrheal - Coryza, fever Paroxysmal - whopping cough, vomiting Convalescent - gradual recovery
57
Bordutella pertussis complications
Pressure (hemorrhage) Pneumonia Neurological
58
Bordutella pertussis lab dx
Alginate/dacron swabs Charcoal based transport media Culture - mercury drop Smear - finger print
59
E coli biochemical tests
``` Gram - Indole + Citrate - Urease - TSI - A/A with gas without H2S ```
60
E coli VIRULENCE factors
Fimbriae - cystitis, pyelonephritis K capsule - pneumonia, meningitis LPS endotoxin - shock
61
Enteroinvasive E. Coli presentation and antigen
Dysentery (bloody stool with mucus) | Virulence Marker Ag
62
Enterotoxigenic E. Coli presentation and antigen
Travellers diarrhea | Colonizing factor Ag
63
Enteropathogenic E. Coli presentation and mechanism
Pediatric diarrhea | Flattens villi preventing absorption
64
Enterohemorrhagic E. Coli toxin
Shiga-like toxin
65
Enterohemorrhagic E. Coli manifestions
Dysentery Hemolytic uremic syndrome - acute kidney failure + anaemia + TCP (Shiga like toxin forms microthrombi on damaged endothelium)
66
Vibrio cholerae lab dx
``` Gram - Flagellated Comma shaped, darting motility in hanging drop Oxidase + Transport - Cary-Blair medium ``` Grows in alkaline medium - alkaline peptone water/bile salt agar for culture
67
Candida albicans causes
``` Oral thrush Vulvovaginitis Diaper rash Endocarditis Disseminated candidiasis Mucocutaneous candidiasis ```
68
Candida albicans morphology
Dimorphic - Pseudohyphae and budding yeast at 20C -Germ tubes at 37C 3 phenotypic forms - yeast, pseudohyphae, true hyphae
69
Candida albicans lab dx
Germ tube test + | SDA - creamy, white, pasty colonies
70
Asergillus causes
Invasive aspergillosis Aflatoxin (HCC) Aspergilloma in pre-existing lung cavities Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
71
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
Hypersensitivity response to aspergillus growing in lung mucus Ass.. w/ asthma, Cystic fibrosis Can cause: bronchiectasis
72
Aspergillus morphology and lab dx
``` Septate hyphae branched at 45 degree angle SDA: - fumigatus - green, velvety, powdery - Flavus - yellow - niger - black cottony ``` (Ref. Diagram)
73
Giardia lamblia clinical features
Bloating, flatulence, foul smelling, fatty diarrhea
74
Giardia lamblia morphology (parts)
``` Sucking disc Nucleus, karyosome Flagella Axoneme Parabasal body ```
75
Stool findings in Giardia lamblia
Pus cells and RBC are NEVER seen Trichrome stain used Formalin ether sedimentation for concentration
76
Special test for Giardia lamblia
Entero test
77
Other (than stool and XRay) lab dx of Giardia lamblia
Histo - giemsa stain Ag detection - coproantigen Culture - diamond media
78
X ray findings of Giardia lamblia
Fluoroscopy - hypermotility | Barium meal - irregular mucosal thickening + hypotonic bowel
79
Preservation of stool in E. Histolytica
Formalin
80
Stool macroscopy in E. Histolytica
Foul smelling | Dark red, mixed with mucus
81
Trophozoite appearance in E. Histolytica
Pseudopodia Cartwheel nucleus Interested RBC in cytoplasm
82
Cyst appearance in E. Histolytica
Chromatid bodies | Large glycogen mass
83
Histology of E. Histolytica
PAS stain | HE stain
84
Culture in E. Histolytica
NIH medium | Diamonds medium
85
Isoenzyme that can be analysed in E. Histolytica
Zymodene
86
General findings in E. Histolytica
Collar button/flask shaped ulcers Charcot Leyden crystals in stool Anchovy sauce exudate
87
Life cycle (Forms and sites of travel) of ascaris
Rhabditiform larva Adult worm Embryonated and unembryonated eggs Right heart, lung, intestine
88
Lab findings in ascaris
Patchy infiltrates on XRay Egg detection (cresentric space) Adult worm - trolley car lines on XRay
89
Ancylostoma larva causes
Larva - cutaneous lesions, serpiginous tracks
90
Ancylostoma worm causes
Early - pain, diarrhea | Late - Fe def. Anaemia, malnutrition
91
Wakana disease
GI and pulmonary symptoms
92
Larva in ancylostoma
Filariform larva
93
Lab dx. Of ancylostoma
Egg - Not bile stained, 4-32 blastomeres, space b/w shell and embryo Culture - charcoal culture method
94
Parts of adult tapeworm
``` Rostellum Hooks Suckers Neck Proglottids ```
95
Stages in tapeworm life cycle
Oncosphere | Cysticerus
96
Clinical features of tapeworm
``` Mild abd. Pain Nausea Loss of appetite Perianal discomfort Neurocysticercosis ```
97
Measles belongs to
Paramyxovirus
98
Stages of measles
Prodromal stage Eruptive stage Post measles
99
Features in prodromal stage of measles
``` Fever Kopliks spots Cough Coryza Conjunctivitis ```
100
Eruptive stage of measles
Rashes behind ears | Spread and fade in 4 days
101
Complications of measles
Secondary bacterial infections Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis Hachts pneumonia
102
Target tissues of measles
Skin RT Conjunctiva
103
Lab DX of measles
Nasopharyngeal swab | Isolation - Warthin Feinkeldy cells - multinucleated giant cells
104
Target tissues of mumps
``` Salivary glands Testis Ovary Breast CNS Pancreas ```
105
Clinical features of mumps
``` Bilateral parotitis Epidydymo orchitis Oophoritis Pancreatitis Meningitis ```
106
Isolation of mumps
Monkey kidney cell lines
107
Mumps strain used in vaccine
Jeryl Lynn strain
108
Rubella belongs to
Togaviridae
109
Clinical features of postnatal rubella
Maculopapular rash Lymphadenopathy Forrcheimer spots
110
Lab DX of rubella
Nasopharyngeal swabs Isolation - monkey kidney cell lines Ag detection confirmed by IgG avidity test

Microbiology (9 decks)

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