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Parasites Flashcards

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1
Q

Infective form of naegleria fowleri

A

Free living amoebic trophozoites

Transmission by inhalation

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2
Q

naegleria fowleri affects

A

Olfactory nerve, penetrates cribriform palate

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3
Q

Tissue destruction by naegleria fowleri mediated by

A

Ingestion of brain tissue by amoebostome

Contact dependent cytolysis

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4
Q

naegleria fowleri causes

A

Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis

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5
Q

Incubation period of naegleria fowleri

A

1-2 weeks

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6
Q

Early symptoms of naegleria fowleri

A 
Taste and smell changes
Headache
Nausea, vomiting
High fever
Stiff neck, +Kernig's sign
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7
Q

Late symptoms of naegleria fowleri

A

Confusion
Hallucinations
Ataxia
Seizures

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8
Q

Specimen to be collected for naegleria fowleri

A

CSF

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9
Q

CSF properties in naegleria fowleri

A

Thick, purulent
Pus cells >20,000/microl
Inc. protein, dec. Sugar

Trophozoites detected in microscopy

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10
Q

Histopathology of naegleria fowleri

A

Brain biopsy
H&E/Giemsa
Trophozoites with sky blue cytoplasm and pink nucleus

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11
Q

Culture for naegleria fowleri

A

Non nutrient agar

Trail sign - naegleria feeds on bacteria and crawls over lawn culture of E.Coli

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12
Q

Special test for naegleria fowleri

A

Enflagellation test
When scrapping of non nutrient agar is transferred to sterile tubes, amoeboid form transforms into pear shaped flagellated form

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13
Q

CT/MRI for naegleria fowleri

A

Obliteration of cisterns

Diffuse enhancement

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14
Q

Toxoplasma gondii is (intra/extra)

A

Obligate intracellular

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15
Q

Morphological forms of Toxoplasma gondii

A 
Tachyzoites
Pseudocyst
Tissue cyst
Sporulated oocyst
Sporozoites/bradyzoites
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16
Q

C/F of Toxoplasma gondii in immunocompetents

A 
Flu like symptoms
Cervical lymphadenopathy
Headache
Fever
Malaise
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17
Q

C/F of Toxoplasma gondii in HIV

A 
necrotising encephalitis
Seizures
C.N palsies
Altered mental status
Motor defects
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18
Q

C/F of Toxoplasma gondii in congenital

A

3rd trimester
Intracranial calcifications
Hydrocephaly
Chorioretinitis

Microcephaly

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19
Q

Toxoplasma gondii direct microscopy

A

PBS, body fluids, bone marrow aspirate, l.n aspirate
Giemsa, PAS
Comma shaped tachyzoites
Tissue cyst in muscle and brain tissue

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20
Q

Ab detection in Toxoplasma gondii

A

IgG - 4 fold rise needed. Can’t differentiate
IgM - confirms congenital
IgA - acute and congenital

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21
Q

Special test for Toxoplasma gondii

A

Sabin Feldman Dye Test
Detects IgG
Complement mediated neutralization test
Needs live tachyzoites

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22
Q

CT/MRI for Toxoplasma gondii

A

Multiple ring enhancing lesions

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23
Q

CSF of Toxoplasma gondii

A

Inc. ICP
Lymphocytosis
Normal glucose

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24
Q

Antenatal DX of Toxoplasma gondii

A

Ultrasonography

PCR/isolation using amniotic fluid

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25
Postnatal DX of Toxoplasma gondii
Isolation from amniotic fluid, placenta, cord leukocyte IgG > 1000 in neonates IgM > 1:4 in neonates
26
African sleeping sickness caused by
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense | Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
27
Vector for African sleeping sickness
Tsetse fly
28
Forms of Trypanosoma
Infective - metacyclic promastigote Long slender trypomastigote Epimastigote
29
Special feature of trypanosoma
Variable Surface Glycoprotein (VSG) Ag
30
Stage 1 of African sleeping sickness
1 wk - trypanosomal chancre (self limiting) Few months - asymptomatic Systemic febrile illness
31
What is systemic febrile illness in African sleeping sickness
Due to dissemination of parasite through lymph and blood Remittant irregular fever and night sweats Posterior cervical lymphadenopathy- winterbottom sign
32
What is winterbottom sign
Posterior cervical lymphadenopathy in systemic febrile illness in African sleeping sickness
33
Stage 2 of African sleeping sickness
CNS invasion Day time somnolence Night time restlessness and insomnia
34
What causes C/F of CNS invasion in African sleeping sickness
Inc. PGD2
35
Blood microscopy in Trypanosoma
Trypomastigote forms
36
CSF microscopy in Trypanosoma
Trypomastigotes in CSF or WBC > 20 cells / micro l Parasites in blood
37
Ag and Ab detection in Trypanosoma
Ag - ELISA Ab - Card agglutination test Semi quantitative ELISA
38
Special test for Trypanosoma
FISH - Florescent In Situ Hybridization | Molecular method
39
Culture for Trypanosoma
KIVI kit
40
Opportunistic coccidians
Cryptosporidium Cyclospora Cystoisospora
41
Life cycle stages of cryptosporidium
``` Parasitophorous vacuole Schizont Merozoites Gametes Oocyst ```
42
cryptosporidium stages in pathogenesis
``` Excystation Attachment Penetration Vacuole Cytokines ```
43
Excystation cryptosporidium
Oocyst secretes proteases and aminopeptidases
44
Attachment cryptosporidium
Attach to brush border using CP47 virulence factor
45
Penetration cryptosporidium
By apicomplex discharge
46
Vacuole cryptosporidium
Parasitophorous vacuole formed
47
Cytokines cryptosporidium
TNF, IL8, PG cause inflammation
48
C/F of cryptosporidium in immunocompetent host
Self limiting watery diarrhea
49
C/F of cryptosporidium in immunocompromised host
Chronic persistent watery diarrhea
50
Stool wet mount of cryptosporidium
Refractile, double walled cysts | Concentration technique - sheathers sugar floatation technique
51
Microscopy of stool cryptosporidium
Acid fast stain - red oocysts on blue background Direct Florescent Ab Auto fluorescence test
52
Histology of cryptosporidium
H&E - blue bead appearance
53
Schistosomes are also called
Blood flukes
54
Stages in life cycle of schistosomes
Cercaria larva Adult worm Miracidium Sporocyst
55
3 stages of S. Mansoni
``` Cercarial dermatitis (swimmers itch) Acute schistosomiasis (katayama fever) Chronic schistosomiasis ```
56
Acute schistosomiasis S. Mansoni
Ags from eggs stimulate immune complex formation and serum sickness - katayama fever Fever Generalized lymphadenopathy HSM
57
Chronic schistosomiasis S. Mansoni
Diarrhea Portal HTN Cirrhosis Nephrosclerosis
58
Eggs of S. Mansoni detected by
Hatching test - hatching of motile miracidia from eggs when stool specimen is diluted and beam is light is passed through it
59
Histology of S. Mansoni
Egg shell - acid fast (ZN) | Lateral spine
60
Other tests for S. Mansoni
Dipstick test | ELISA
61
C/F of S. Japonicum
Swimmers itch Katayama fever Portal HTN, cirrhosis (esp. left lobe) Cerebral schistosomiasis
62
Eggs of S. Japonicum
Seen in stool | Small spine
63
Special tests for S. Japonicum
Pyrosequencing assay - detect DNA | Magnetic fractionation method - egg-microsphere conjugate formed
64
Acute infection of S. Hematobium
Swimmers itch | Pruritic papular lesion
65
Chronic infection of S. Hematobium
``` Spines damage bladder mucosa Hematuria Egg granuloma (type 4 HSR) Elephantiasis in scrotum and penis Hydroureter, hydronephros Bladder carcinoma (SCC or transitional cell carcinoma) ```
66
Microscopy of S. Hematobium
Urine sample - terminal hematuria portion | Terminal spined eggs
67
Histology of S. Hematobium
Bladder mucosa biopsy or wet cervical biopsy
68
Ab detection in S. Hematobium
HAMA-FAST-ELISA | HAMA-EITB
69
Ag detection in S. Hematobium
Circulation cathodic and anodic Ag (CCA, CAA) detected by ELISA CCA>CAA
70
Diphyllobothrium latum also called
Fish tapeworm
71
Life cycle stages of Diphyllobothrium
Plerocercoid larvae (L3) Coracidium (,L1) Procercoid (L2)
72
C/F of Diphyllobothrium
Diarrhea Vit B12 deficiency Megaloblastic anaemia
73
Lab dx of Diphyllobothrium
Stool - eggs, segments of adult worm Molecular - PCR Blood - eosinophilia, Marcocytes
74
Life cycle stages of hymenolepis Nana
Cysticercoid larva Adult worm Eggs Ingested by rat flea
75
C/F of hymenolepis
Diarrhea with mucus
76
Egg of hymenolepis
``` Non bile stained Hooklets Polar thickening Polar filament Yolk granules ```

Microbiology (9 decks)

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