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anatomy > 2nd LQ - generalities of muscles (Jajurie) > Flashcards

2nd LQ - generalities of muscles (Jajurie) Flashcards

1
Q

Muscle cells, often called _____________because they are long
and narrow when relaxed, are specialized contractile cells.

A

muscle fibers

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2
Q

Three types of muscle are
described based on distinct characteristics :

A
  1. Whether it is normally willfully controlled (voluntary vs. involuntary).
  2. Whether it appears striped or unstriped when viewed under a microscope (striated vs. smooth or unstriated).
  3. Whether it is located in the body wall (soma) and limbs or makes up the hollow organs (viscera, e.g., the heart) of the
    body cavities or blood vessels (somatic vs. visceral).
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3
Q

three muscle types:

A
  1. Skeletal striated muscle
  2. Cardiac striated muscle
  3. Smooth muscle
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4
Q

is voluntary somatic muscle that makes up the gross skeletal muscles that compose the muscular system, moving or stabilizing bones and other
structures (e.g., the eyeballs)

A

Skeletal striated muscle

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5
Q

is involuntary visceral muscle that forms most of the walls of the heart and adjacent parts of the great vessels, such as the aorta, and pumps blood.

A

Cardiac striated muscle

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6
Q

is involuntary visceral muscle that forms part of the walls of most vessels and hollow organs (viscera), moving substances through
them by coordinated sequential contractions

A

Smooth muscle (unstriated muscle)

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7
Q

coordinated sequential contractions

A

(pulsations or peristaltic contractions)

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8
Q

white non-contractile portions of skeletal muscles

A

tendons

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9
Q
  • Large, very long,
  • unbranched,
  • cylindrical fibers with
  • transverse striations (stripes)
  • arranged in parallel bundles;
  • multiple, peripherally located nuclei
A

Skeletal striated
muscle

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10
Q
  • Intermittent (phasic) contraction above a
    baseline tonus;
  • acts primarily to produce
    movement (isotonic contraction)
    through shortening
    (concentric contraction)
  • or controlled relaxation (eccentric
    contraction),
  • or to maintain position against gravity or
    other resisting force without movement
    (isometric contraction)
A

Skeletal striated muscle

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11
Q

Intermittent contraction above a
baseline tonus;

A

phasic

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12
Q

acts primarily to produce
movement (isotonic contraction)
through shortening

A

concentric contraction

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13
Q

controlled relaxation

A

eccentric contraction

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14
Q

to maintain position against gravity or
other resisting force without movement

A

isometric contraction

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15
Q

where is cardiac striated muscle found?

A

Muscle of heart
(myocardium)

adjacent portions of great vessels (aorta, vena cava)

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16
Q
  • Branching and anastomosing
    shorter fibers with transverse striations
    (stripes)
  • running parallel and connected
    end to end by complex junctions (intercalated discs);
  • single, central nucleus
A

Cardiac striated muscle

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17
Q

type of activity of Cardiac striated muscle

A

Strong, quick,
continuous rhythmic contraction;

acts to pump blood from heart

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18
Q
  • Involuntary; intrinsically (myogenically) stimulated and propagated;
  • rate and strength of contraction
    modified by “autonomic nervous system”
A

Cardiac striated muscle

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19
Q

Voluntary (or reflexive) by “somatic nervous system”

A

Skeletal striated muscle

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20
Q

Involuntary by autonomic nervous system

A

Smooth (unstriated or unstriped)
muscle

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21
Q
  • Walls of hollow viscera and blood vessels,
  • iris, and ciliary body of eye;
  • attached to hair follicles of skin (arrector
    muscle of hair)
A

Smooth (unstriated or unstriped) muscle

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22
Q

Single or agglomerated small,

spindle-shaped fibers without striations;

single central nucleus

A

Smooth (unstriated or unstriped) muscle

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23
Q
  • weak, slow, rhythmic, or sustained
    tonic contraction;
  • acts mainly to propel substances
    (peristalsis)
  • and to restrict flow (vasoconstriction and
    sphincteric activity)
A

Smooth (unstriated or unstriped) muscle

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24
Q

more proximal, less mobile attachment /stable

A

origin

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25
Q

more distal. more mobile attachment

A

insertion

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26
Q

fleshy part of the muscle

A

belly

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27
Q

The ends of a muscle are attached to supporting elements (bones, cartilage, ligaments, or other muscles) by cords of fibrous tissue called ____________

A

tendons

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28
Q

Some tendons form a thin, strong sheet that anchor the muscle to the skeleton

(e.g .. those belonging to the flat, wide abdominal oblique muscles)

A

Aponeurosis

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29
Q

an interdigitation of the tendinous ends of fibers of flat muscles

A

raphe

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30
Q

mesoderm developed into:

A

epimere
mesomere
hypomere

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31
Q

epimere develop into:

A

dermatome
sclerotome
myotome

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32
Q

dermatome:

A

dermis of skin

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33
Q

sclerotome:

A

skeletal system

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34
Q

myotome:

A

voluntary muscles

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35
Q

mesomere:

A

reproductive system

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36
Q

hypomere:

A

branchial/branchiomeric muscles

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37
Q

All of the branchiomeric muscles that come from the 1st branchial arch are innervated by the _____________________

A

trigeminal nerve

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38
Q

branchiomeric muscles that come from the 1st branchial arch:
M, aD, My, Tt, Tv

A

all the muscles of mastication,
the anterior belly of the digastric,
the mylohyoid,
tensor tympani and
tensor veli palatini.

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39
Q

All of the branchiomeric muscles of the 2nd branchial arch are innervated by the ____________________.

A

facial nerve

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40
Q

branchiomeric muscles of the 2nd branchial arch:

F, pD, Sm, Sm me

A

muscles of facial expression,
the posterior belly of the digastric,
stylohyoid muscle and the
stapedius muscle of the middle ear

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41
Q

There is only one muscle of 3rd branchial arch, the _______________.

A

stylopharyngeus

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42
Q

The stylopharyngeus is innervated by the _________________ nerve.

A

glossopharyngeal

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43
Q

All the brachial muscles of the 4th and 6th arches are innervated by the ___________________.

A

vagus nerve

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44
Q

brachial muscles of the fourth and sixth arches:

P, Ph, L

A

the muscles of the palate (exception of the tensor veli palatini )

all the muscles of the pharynx (except stylopharyngeus)

and all the muscles of the larynx

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45
Q

tensor veli palatini is innervated by the ______________

A

trigeminal nerve

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46
Q

stylopharyngeus is innervated by the ___________

A

glossopharyngeal nerve

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47
Q

muscles developing from somite myotome:

A
  1. Epaxial muscle
  2. Hypaxial muscle
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48
Q

skeletal muscle which lie DORSAL to the vertebral column

A

epaxial muscle

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49
Q

epaxial muscle in humans, is only a small group form by ____________, ____________, & ______________ muscles

A

transversospinalis,
longissimus, and
iliocotalis muscles

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50
Q

epaxial muscle at the ribcage level: ____________ muscle involved in rib elevation during respiration

A

levatores costarum

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51
Q

skeletal muscles lying VENTRAL to the vertebral column

these muscles contribute both body (trunk) and limb skeletal muscle

A

Hypaxial muscle

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52
Q

Hypaxial muscle include _________, _______, ___________, & ________

A

vertebral muscles
diaphragm
abdominal muscles
all limb muscles

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53
Q

functions of muscles:

A
  1. Movement (locomotion)
  2. Heat Generation
  3. Shape and Contour
  4. Stabilizes joint
  5. Maintaining Posture
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54
Q

Movement: Skeletal muscles contract and pull on bones to generate ___________________at joints.

A

movement

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55
Q

Muscle contraction requires energy and produces ______________ as a byproduct of metabolism.

A

heat

56
Q

Contours on the Lateral thorax of a woman

A
  • pertoralis major
  • teres major
  • latissimus dorsi
  • serratus anterior
  • rectus abdominis
57
Q

Muscles may be described or classified according to their shape, for which a muscle may also be named:

A
  1. Flat muscles
  2. Pennate muscles
  3. Fusiform muscles
  4. Convergent muscles
  5. Quadrate muscles
  6. Circular or sphincteral muscles
  7. Multiheaded or multibellied muscles
58
Q

have parallel fibers often with an aponeurosis—for example, the external oblique

A

Flat muscles

59
Q

example of flat muscle:

A

sartorius - a narrow flat muscle with
parallel fibers.

60
Q

are feather-like (L. pennatus, feather) in the arrangement of their fascicles, and may be uni, bi, or multi

A

Pennate muscles

61
Q

example of unipennate

A

extensor digitorum longus

62
Q

example of bipennate:

A

rectus femoris

63
Q

example of multipennate:

A

deltoid

64
Q

are spindle shaped with a round, thick belly (or bellies) and tapered ends

A

Fusiform muscles

65
Q

example of Fusiform muscles

A

biceps brachii

66
Q

arise from a broad area and converge
to form a single tendon

A

Convergent muscles

67
Q

example of Convergent muscles

A

pectoralis major

68
Q

have four equal sides (L. quadratus, square)

A

Quadrate muscles

69
Q

example of Quadrate muscles

A

rectus abdominis, between its tendinous intersections

70
Q

surround a body opening or orifice, constricting it when contracted

A

Circular or sphincteral muscles

71
Q

example of Circular or sphincteral muscles

A

orbicularis oculi (closes the eyelids

72
Q

have more than one head of attachment or more than one contractile belly, respectively

A

Multiheaded or multibellied muscles

73
Q
A
74
Q

Biceps muscles have two heads of attachment
example:

A

biceps brachii

75
Q

triceps muscles have three heads
example:

A

e.g., triceps brachii

76
Q

multibellied muscles having 2 bellies:

A

digastric and gastrocnemius

77
Q

certain aspects of skeletal muscles
activity are automatic (reflexive) and therefore not voluntarily controlled

A

Reflexive Contraction

78
Q

example of Reflexive Contraction:

A
  • respiratory movements of the diaphragm
  • myotatic reflex
79
Q

Even when “relaxed,” the muscles of a conscious individual are almost always slightly contracted

gives the muscle a certain firmness, assisting
the stability of joints and the maintenance of posture, while keeping the muscle ready to respond to appropriate stimuli

A

Tonic Contraction

80
Q

slight contraction, does not produce movement or active resistance

A

muscle tone (tonus)

81
Q

is usually absent only when unconscious (as during deep sleep or under general anesthesia) or after a nerve lesion resulting in paralysis

A

Muscle tone

82
Q

There are two main types of phasic (active) muscle contractions:

A

(1) isotonic contraction
(2) isometric contraction

83
Q

the muscle changes length in relationship to
the production of movement

A

isotonic contraction

84
Q

muscle length remains the same —no movement occurs, but the force (muscle tension) is increased above tonic levels to resist gravity or other antagonistic force

A

isometric contraction

85
Q

two types of isotonic contractions:

A
  1. concentric contraction
  2. eccentric contraction
86
Q

movement occurs as a result of the muscle shortening—for example, when lifting a cup, pushing a door, or striking a blow

ex. exceptional force applied by an athlete is what distinguishes it from an amateur

A

concentric contraction

87
Q

contracting muscle lengthens—that is, it undergoes a controlled and gradual relaxation while continually exerting a (diminishing) force, like playing out a rope

A

eccentric contraction

88
Q

when the prime mover is undergoing a concentric contraction,

its _________ is undergoing a coordinated eccentric contraction

A

antagonist

89
Q

In walking, we contract _________________to pull our center of gravity forward and then, as it passes ahead of the limb,

we contract _____________to prevent a lurching during the transfer of weight to the other limb

A

concentrically

eccentrically

90
Q

the structural unit of a muscle is a ______________

A

skeletal striated muscle fiber

91
Q

the functional unit of a muscle is a _______________, consisting of a motor neuron and the muscle fibers it controls

A

motor unit

92
Q

Large motor units, in which one neuron supplies several hundred muscle fibers, are in the ___________ and __________

A

large trunk
thigh muscles

93
Q

the motor units include only a few muscle fibers are found in:

A

smaller eye
hand muscles

94
Q

Chief muscle / main muscle (or member of chief group) responsible for producing a specific movement of the body

A

prime mover (agonist)

95
Q

It contracts CONCENTRICALLY to produce the desired movement, doing most of the work (expending most of the energy) required

A

prime mover (agonist)

96
Q

example of prime mover (triceps and biceps):

A
  • Triceps in extension of the forearm
  • Biceps brachii in flexion of the elbow
97
Q

steadies the PROXIMAL parts of a limb through ISOMETRIC contraction while movements are occurring in distal parts.

A

fixator

98
Q

This is a muscle that contracts isometrically (increases muscle tone but produces no movement) to stabilize the origin of the prime mover so that it can act efficiently.

A

Fixator

99
Q

complements the action of a prime mover

A

synergist

100
Q

synergist providing a weaker or less mechanically advantaged component of the same movement

A

directly assisting prime mover

101
Q

synergist serving as a fixator of an intervening joint when a prime mover passes over more than one joint, for example.

A

indirectly assisting prime mover

102
Q

is a muscle that opposes the action of another muscle

A

antagonist

103
Q

A primary antagonist directly opposes
the prime mover,

but __________ may also be opposed by secondary antagonists.

A

synergists

104
Q

As the active movers CONCENTRICALLY contract to produce a movement,

_________ ECCENTRICALLY contract, relaxing progressively in coordination to produce a smooth movement.

A

antagonists

105
Q

acts to maintain contact between the articular surfaces of the joint it crosses (i.e., it resists dislocating forces);

A

shunt muscle

106
Q

nerves supplying skeletal muscle

A

motor nerves

107
Q

Partial state of contraction of muscles while resting

A

Muscle Tone

108
Q

is the amount of tension (or resistance to movement) in muscles. Our muscle tone helps us to
hold our bodies upright when we are sitting and standing. Changes in muscle tone are what enable
us to move.

A

MUSCLE TONE

109
Q

Consists of a motor neuron in the anterior gray horn or column of the spinal cord and all the muscle fibers it supplies

A

Motor Unit

110
Q

The nerve enters the muscle at about the midpoint on its deep surface, often near the margin.

The point of entrance is known as the __________

A

motor point

111
Q

The individual motor neurons within a muscle nerve supply a variable number of muscle fibers that are arranged in a variable spatial distribution.

A single motor neuron plus all the muscle fibers innervated by that neuron

A

Motor Unit

112
Q

size of motor unit that are features of precision movement muscles such as the “extraocular muscles” and the “small muscles in the hand”

A

Small motor units (as few as 5 to 10 muscle fibers per neuron)

113
Q

Disuse atrophy of the thoracic and abdominal muscles can result in
poor ____________

A

respiratory movements

114
Q

The ______________ is the first part of the quadriceps muscle to atrophy in knee joint disease and the last to recover.

A

vastus medialis

115
Q

In old age, the _______________ atrophy, resulting in a loss of height and a gradual return of the vertebral column to a continuous anterior concavity

A

intervertebral discs

116
Q

The atrophy after menopause is caused by the absence of ovarian ______________ & ________________

A

estrogens and progesterone

117
Q

_______________ or muscle wasting, is the loss of muscle mass and strength that occurs when muscles are not actively used or subjected to mechanical loading over an extended period of time.

A

Disuse atrophy, also known as muscle atrophy

118
Q

This can happen for various reasons, including immobilization due to injury, illness, or prolonged bed rest.

A

Disuse atrophy, also known as muscle atrophy

119
Q

CRANIAL NERVE MNEMONICS

A

OOOTTAFVGVAH

120
Q

What is the longest Cranial Nerve?

A

VAGUS Nerve

121
Q

What is the smallest muscle?

A

Some say that the STAPEDIUS muscle is the smallest located in your ear.

But the SMALLEST muscle is The
ARRECTOR PILI muscle which is responsible for giving you goosebumps

122
Q

also called sensory
neurons, are the nerve fibers responsible for bringing sensory information from the outside world into the brain.

A

Afferent neurons

123
Q

also called motor neurons, are the nerve fibers responsible for
carrying signals from the brain to the
peripheral nervous system in order to initiate an action.

A

Efferent neurons

124
Q

basic system present throughout spinal cord:

A
  1. Dorsal roots carry afferent fibers
  2. Ventral roots carry efferent fibers.
  3. Similarly, the ventral horn contains efferent cell bodies, and the dorsal root ganglion contains afferent cell bodies
125
Q

MNEMONIC- SAD DAVE:

A

Sensory = Afferent = Dorsal
Dorsal = Afferent | Efferent = Ventra

126
Q

The nerve trunk is a mixed nerve
_________ which also contains
sympathetic fibers

A

60 % motor and 40 % sensory

127
Q

are found entirely within the body part upon which it acts,

A

Intrinsic muscles

128
Q

originate outside of the part where it is found or upon which it acts, attached to different body segments, with at least one (1) point of attachment inside the body or part upon which it acts and at
least one (1) attachment outside.

A

Extrinsic muscles

129
Q

Extrinsic Muscles of the Eye:

A

● Levator palpebrae superioris
● Superior oblique muscle
● Superior rectus muscle
● Medial rectus muscle
● Lateral rectus muscle
● Inferior oblique muscle
● Inferior rectus muscle

(4 recti muscles, 2 oblique muscles + 1 levator palpebrae
superioris)

130
Q

________ muscles of the eye are situated outside the eyeball (Extraocular muscles), voluntary.

A

Extrinsic

131
Q

__________ of the eye are situated inside the
eyeball (Intraocular muscles), involuntary.

A

Intrinsic muscles

132
Q

_____of the eye are situated inside the
eyeball (Intraocular muscles), involuntary

A

Intrinsic muscles

133
Q

-is a movement disorder that causes sudden, unintended, and uncontrollable jerky movements of the arms, legs, and facial muscles.

is seen in many diseases
and conditions and is caused by an
overactivity of the chemical dopamine in the areas of the brain that control movement.
“Para kang nagbre-break dance” (Jajurie, 2023).

A

Chorea

134
Q

-is a hyperkinetic involuntary movement disorder characterized
by intermittent, sudden, violent, involuntary, flinging, or ballistic high amplitude movements involving
the ipsilateral arm and leg caused by
dysfunction in the central nervous system of the contralateral side

A

Hemiballismus

135
Q

____________ refers to inflammation of the spinal cord. It can damage the insulating material, called myelin, that covers nerve cell fibers.

_____________refers to the pattern of changes in sensation—there is often a band-like sensation across the trunk of the body, with sensory changes below that area

A

Myelitis

Transverse

136
Q
A

anatomy (15 decks)

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