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anatomy > HISTO - Connective tissue > Flashcards

HISTO - Connective tissue Flashcards

1
Q

The connective tissues (CT) are diverse group of tissues that share a common origin from the _____

A

mesenchyme

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2
Q

Provides for COHESION of other structural elements

Serves as the MEDIUM through which blood vessels are distributed to nourish the organs

ELIMINATION the waste products of cellular metabolism

A

connective tissues (CT)

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3
Q

fibers are moderately abundant and loosely interwoven

  • binds and support parenchyma
A

Loose CT

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4
Q

stable population of long-lived, relatively immobile FIBROBLASTS

  • produce and maintain the surrounding fibers
  • secrete the AMORPHOUS Ground Substance of the extracellular matrix
A

Fixed cells

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5
Q

heterogenous population of motile cells of limited life span that emigrate from the blood And wander among the fibers

  • tissue defense normally present in limited numbers but may increase during inflammation
A

Free cells

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6
Q

fibers are very abundant and densely packed

A

Dense CT

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7
Q

fibers are closely interwoven in random orientation

A

Dense Irregular CT

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8
Q

fibers are closely packed in parallel bundles as in tendon,

or in flat sheets, as in aponeuroses

A

Dense Regular CT

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9
Q

translucent material in which the cells and fibers of CT are embedded

A

GROUND SUBSTANCE

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10
Q

its aqueous phase is the medium which nutrients and waste products pass in between blood and parenchymal cells of the organs

A

GROUND SUBSTANCE

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11
Q

consists mainly of glycosaminoglycan polysaccharide, a class of macromolecules that are long, linear polymers of disaccharide subunits

A

GROUND SUBSTANCE

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12
Q

principal function is to bind together and support the parenchyma of the organs in the body, but it
has recently become apparent that it has other
important roles

A

loose connective tissue

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13
Q

ground substance residues can be detected by use of certain dyes that undergo a change in color on
binding to it, a staining property called

A

metachromasia

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14
Q

takes on a purple color when bound to
the ground substance

A

toluidine blue

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15
Q

GS t can also be stained with __

owing to the numerous polysaccharide chains on
some of its molecules.

A

periodic-acid-Schiff reaction

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16
Q

The stainable components of the ground
substance were formerly classified as

term has fallen into disuse

A

acid mucopolysaccharides

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17
Q

Major glycosaminoglycans:

A
  • chondroitin sulfate
  • keratan sulfate
  • heparan sulfate
  • hyaluronic acid
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18
Q

which is abundant in loose connective tissue in joint fluid and in the vitreous humor of the eye, is a very large molecule made up of some 5000 disaccharides in a chain that would be nearly 2.5 u.m in length

A

Hyaluronic acid

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19
Q

One of its important properties is
its high viscosity in aqueous solution, which
contributes to the gel-like consistency of the
ground substance

A

Hyaluronic acid

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20
Q

most invasive species of
bacteria are those that have acquired the ability to produce the enzyme ______________ to depolymerize the hyaluronic acid of the ground substance.

A

hyaluronidase

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21
Q

fluid accumulates in the extracellular matrix resulting a swelling of the tissue, called _____________.

A

edema

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22
Q

colorless strands, 0.5 - 10 um diameter

  • acidophilic, stains pink with eosin,
  • blue with Mallory’s trichrome, and
  • green with Masson’s trichrome stain
A

COLLAGEN FIBERS

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23
Q

They are unbranched and, in loose connective tissue, they appear to be randomly oriented

A

COLLAGEN FIBERS

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24
Q

The __________ are polymers of collagen molecules, each 300 nm in length and 1.4 nm in diameter

A

unit fibrils

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25
Q

smallest fibers exhibit birefringence, indicating that CF are made up of submicroscopic subunits oriented parallel to the

A

fiber axis

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26
Q

CF id made up of 3 polypeptide chains called __________ that makes up a triple helix chain held together by hydrogen bond

A

α-chains

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27
Q

a solution of collagen and serum-glycoprotein is dialyzed against water,

fibrils are formed that have a periodicity of
240 nm instead of 67 nm.

A

fibrous long-spacing collagen (FLS-collagen)

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28
Q

Precipitation of collagen from acid solution by addition of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
does not result in fibrils but short segments
about 300 nm long.

A

segment long-spacing collagen (SLS-collagen)

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29
Q

form quarter-staggered fibrils and can be localized by means of labeled antibody techniques

A

Types I, II, III, V, and IX

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30
Q

is the most ubiquitous, occurring in the dermis, bone, tendon, fascia, and in the capsules of organs

A

Type-I collagen

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31
Q

cross-striated fibrils, 50—90 nm in diameter,

aggregate to form collagen fibers and fiber bundles of a wide range of sizes

A

Type-I collagen

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32
Q

fibers are flexible but offer great resistance to tension

A

Type-I collagen

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33
Q

breaking force of the tendon, composed
of this type of collagen, is reached at several
hundred kilograms per square centimeter

A

Type-I collagen

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34
Q

found in hyaline and elastic cartilage, nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc, vitreous body of the eye

A

Type II collagen

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35
Q

forms very thin fibrils embedded GS

No larger fibers are formed

visible only polarizing microscope stain with picro-sirius

A

Type II collagen

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36
Q

abundant in loose connective tissue, in the walls of blood vessels, in the stroma of various glands, and in the spleen, kidney, and uterus

A

Type III collagen

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37
Q

argyrophilic fibers traditionally called reticular fibers

A

Type III collagen

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38
Q

Collagens __________ which form microscopically visible fibers are referred to as INTERSTITIAL COLLAGENS

to distinguish them form a larger group of collagens that are detectable in tissue sections only by means
of fluorescein-labeled antibody

A

I, II, and III

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39
Q

specialized form largely restricted to the basal lamina of epithelia

A

Type IV collagen

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40
Q

with laminin and heparan sulfate proteoglycan

forms a close meshwork of fine filaments that is the physical support of epithelia and a selective filtration barrier for macromolecule

A

Type IV collagen

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41
Q

widespread occurrence but is present only in very small amounts.

A

Type V collagen

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42
Q

associated with the external lamina of smooth
and striated muscle fibers

basal lamina of epithelia

also associated with the interstitial collagens where it may be involved in linkage within and between
fibers.

A

Type V collagen

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43
Q

short-chain molecule consisting of a triple helical segment about 100 nm in length with globular domains

A

Type VI collagen

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44
Q

present in small amounts, along with Type I and Type III

A

Type VI collagen

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45
Q

assemble laterally into tetramers

polymerize end-to-end forming thin fibrils 5-10 nm in diameter

prominent knobs or beads with a periodicity of 110 nm

A

Type VI collagen

46
Q

cornea of the eye it
makes up nearly 25% of the total collagen

A

Type VI collagen

47
Q
  • associated with the basal lamina of many epithelia
  • most abundant at the dermo-epidermal junction of the skin
A

Type VII collagen

48
Q

its molecules are the largest of the collagen family, 800 nm

A

Type VII collagen

49
Q

aggregates form anchoring fibrils that loops around the basal lamina of the epithelium

forming loops around the underlying type-I and type III collagen fibers of the dermis

A

Type VII collagen

50
Q

terminate in anchoring plaques of type-IV collagen

They serve to stabilize and firmly anchor the
epithelium to the dermis.

A

Type VII collagen

51
Q

secretory product of endothelial cells or endothelial collagen.

A

Type VIII collagen (endothelial collagen)

52
Q

major component of Descement’s membrane (basal lamina for corneal endothelium)

A

Type VIII collagen (endothelial collagen)

53
Q

found mainly in cartilage

differs from fibrillar collagens

A

Type IX collagen

54
Q

maintain the 3-dimensional arrangement
of the type-II collagen fibers in the matrix

coextensive with type-II collagen fibers

A

Type IX collagen

55
Q

also confined to cartilage surrounding the hypertrophic chondrocytes involved in endochondral bone formation

A

Type X collagen

56
Q

play some role in the calcification of the matrix

A

Type X collagen

57
Q

associated with Type II collagen in cartilage

A

Type XI collagen

58
Q

discovered in the screening of a cDNA library constructed from mRNA of tendon fibroblasts

It has some properties in common with type-IX collagen

A

Type XII collagen

59
Q

The largest, up to 15 um in diameter, are bundles of smaller fibers and they often have a wavy course if not under tension

A

type I

60
Q

loose connective tissue contains networks of very thin, 0.5—2.0-p.m, fibers traditionally called ______

A

reticular fibers

61
Q

widespread in connective tissue

intercellular clefts of smooth muscle

acini of glands

epithelium of hollow organs

A

Reticular fibers

62
Q

Collagen and elastin are not the only fibrillar components of connective tissue

A

FIBRILLIN
ELASTIC FIBERS

63
Q

8-10 nm in diameter, nonsulfated 350kD glycoprotein

A

FIBRILLIN

64
Q

defective or deficient in Marfan Syndrome, a hereditary disorder of CT characterized by excessively long arms and legs and prone to aortic rupture

A

FIBRILLIN

65
Q

uniform small diameter and their tendency to branch and rejoin to form a loose network

A

ELASTIC FIBERS

66
Q

ligamenta flava of the vertebral column
ligamentum nuchae of ruminants, 4-5 um

A

Elastic ligaments

67
Q

Elastic fibers consist of an amorphous core
of ______ surrounded by the microfibrillar glycoprotein fibrillin.

A

elastin

68
Q

is composed of nonpolar amino acids and, in contrast to collagen, it contains little hydroxyproline and no hydroxylysine

A

Elastin

69
Q

has an alanine content higher than that of any known protein

and contains two unique amino acids, desmosine and isodesmosine

A

Elastin

70
Q

occur in connective tissues
throughout the body but they are especially
abundant in organs that must yield to externally or internally applied force, and then return to their original shape

A

Elastic fibers

71
Q

The connective tissue in the alveolar
septa of the lung is rich in

A

elastic fibers

72
Q

The aorta, the large blood vessel conducting blood
away from the heart, is distended by the outflow at each contraction of the ventricles

A

elastic recoil of its wall

73
Q

involved in the interaction of the cells with the extracellular matrix.

A

ADHESION GLYCOPROTEINS

74
Q

the attachment of other cell types is mediated by adhesion glycoproteins :

A

fibronectin,
laminin, and
thrombospondin

75
Q

is a large glycoprotein of 440,000
molecular weight (MW)

constituent extracellular matrix of connective tissue, the basal lamina of epithelia, and the external lamina that envelops smooth and striated muscle fibers

A

Fibronectin

76
Q

receptor for fibronectin
interact with a variety of glycoproteins of the extracellular matrix.

A

integrins

77
Q

is synthesized by the liver cells and by endothelial cells.

It binds to fibrin and may have a significant role in blood clotting.

A

Plasma fibronectin

78
Q

is a large glycoprotein with a molecular weight of about one million.

A

Laminin

79
Q

most abundant constituent of the basal lamina

A

Laminin

80
Q

is an adhesive glycoprotein of 450,000 MW first identified as a product of activated platelets, secreted during
blood clotting

A

Thrombospondin

81
Q

It binds to fibrinogen, plasmalogen, and plasmalogen activator and is an essential participant in
blood clotting

A

Thrombospondin

82
Q

synthesized by the fibroblasts of connective tissue, by endothelial cells, and by smooth muscle cells

A

THROMBOSPONDIN

83
Q

constant association of fusiform cells
with collagen fibers led early histologists to
conclude that these so-called _________ produced the connective tissue fibers

A

fibroblasts

84
Q

fixed cells:

A

fibroblasts that secrete and maintain the extracellular components

adipose cells that store and release lipids to be used as an energy source

85
Q

circulating in the blood:

A

eosinophils,
monocytes,
lymphocytes,
macrophages,
plasma cells that differentiate from lymphocytes, and
mast cells

86
Q

The connective tissues develop from the
embryonic tissue called .

A

mesenchyme

87
Q

are small fusiform or stellate cells not easily distinguished from fibroblasts.

A

mesenchymal cells

88
Q

are the cells that produce the extracellular components of developing connective tissue.

A

fibroblasts

89
Q

become relatively inactive in fiber formation, some histologists prefer to call them

A

fibrocytes

90
Q

are fixed cells of
the connective tissue specialized for the syn¬
thesis and storage of lipid

A

adipose cells or fat cells

91
Q

play a role in the maintenance of normal tissues by ingesting dead cells and cellular debris and other
particulate matter and breaking them down
with their lysosomal enzymes

A

macrophages (or histiocytes)

92
Q

first line of defense against infection, voraciously ingesting and destroying invading bacteria.

A

macrophages (or histiocytes)

93
Q

______motile cells of varying shape that wandered through the ground substance, and

_____________sessile cells that were stretched out along collagen fibers and had a shape not unlike that of fibroblasts.

A

free macrophages

free macrophages,

94
Q

all highly phagocytic cell types and their monocyte precursor, but excludes the controversial sinuoidal endothelia and other cells that take up only small amounts of vital dye by pinocytosis, instead of by phagocytosis.

Van Furth (1969)

A

mononuclear phagocyte system

95
Q

are rarely found in normal connective tissue but they are included here,
among its free cells, because they may gather
in great numbers at sites of inflammation.

A

Neutrophils

96
Q

seem to be more responsive to
parasitic infestations than they are to bacterial
infections

A

Eosinophils

97
Q

which are the principal agents of the immune system, are found in small numbers in the connective tissue throughout the body,

but they are more abundant in the
stroma of lymphoid organs and in the lamina
propria of the intestinal tract.

A

Lymphocytes

98
Q

are widely distributed in the connective tissue. They arise by further differentiation of B lymphocytes and are major producers of humoral antibody.

A

Plasma cells

99
Q

are the largest of the free
cells of the connective tissue and are easily
identified by the numerous basophilic gran¬
ules in their cytoplasm, which may obscure
the nucleus.

A

mast cells

100
Q

histamine released by mast cells
in the connective tissue of the nasal mucosa
results in increased permeability of the capillaries and consequent swelling of the mucosa,
accompanied by sneezing and nasal discharge.

A

hay fever

101
Q

of the body are lined
by serous membranes

A

major cavities

102
Q

lining the
abdominal cavity

A

peritoneum

103
Q

lining the
thoracic cavity.

A

pleura

104
Q

is a form of loose connective
tissue in which argyrophilic reticular fibers
(type-III collagen) are the dominant fibrous
component, forming a wide-meshed network.

A

Reticular tissue

105
Q

very large amount of amorphous ground substance that is unusually rich in hyaluronic acid

A

MUCOUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE

106
Q

great preponderant of fibrous components and relatively few cells.

A

DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

107
Q

is found in the dermis of the skin; the
capsules of the spleen, liver, and lymph nodes;
the tunica albuginea of the testis; the dura
mater of the brain; and the sheaths of large
nerves.

A

Dense connective tissue

108
Q

fiber bundles are relatively coarse and interwoven in a compact meshwork with little space occupied by
cells and ground substance.

A

DENSE IRREGULAR
CONNECTIVE TISSUE

109
Q

occurs as robust cylindrical cords or flat sheets of closely
approximated coarse collagen fibers that give
the tissue a glistening white appearance in the
fresh state.

A

DENSE REGULAR
CONNECTIVE TISSUE

110
Q

Broad flat muscles do not have cylindrical
tendons, but are attached to their insertions by
thin sheets of dense regular connective tissue,
called

A

aponeuroses

111
Q

The invasion of tissues by microorganisms triggers a local response of the connective tissue called

A

acute inflammation

112
Q
A

anatomy (15 decks)

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