2ND QT: Lesson 6 & 7

Question 1

the time line of the History of the Earth, is based from the rock record

Answer 1

The Geologic Time Scale

Question 2

how is geologic time divided?

Answer 2

Geologic time is subdivided into hierarchal intervals, the largest being Eon, followed by Era, Period, and Epoch, respectively.

Question 3

Why are the names of the earth’s history from Europe?

Answer 3

they named the blocks of time from towns or other local places where the rock layers that represented
that time were found yuhh

Question 4

When did the mass extinction event happen?

Answer 4

around 66.4 million years ago

Question 5

what does the mass extinction of dinosaurs mark?

Answer 5

boundary between the Mesozoic Era (Age of the Reptiles) and the Cenozoic Era (Age of Mammals).

Question 6

One of the first to recognize the correspondence of between rocks and time

Answer 6

Nicholas Steno (1638-1686)

Question 7

Steno’s principles, foundation of stratigraphy? no need to memorize

Answer 7

superposition, original horizontality, and lateral continuity

Question 8

One of the earliest attempts to subdivide the rock record into units of time was made by

Answer 8

Abraham Gottlob Werner, a German geologist

Question 9

Werner divided the rock record into the following rock-time units (from oldest to youngest)

Answer 9

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary

Question 10

What did werner use to establish temporal
relationship among the rock units?

Answer 10

Principle of Superposition

Question 11

Fossils are also useful in determining relative ages of rocks. Who noticed this?

Answer 11

William “Strata” Smith (1769 –1839)

Question 12

recognized the utility of fossils in subdividing Geologic Time on the basis of fossils

Answer 12

Charles Lyell (1797 – 1875), British Lawyer and Geologist

Question 13

He was able to subdivide the Tertiary by

Answer 13

examining the proportion of living vs. extinct fossils in the rock

Question 14

The underlying reason for this definite and orderly succession of fossils in the rock record is

Answer 14

organic evolution

Question 15

a sub-discipline of stratigraphy which deals with the use of fossils in correlation and establishing the relative ages of rocks.

Answer 15

Biostratigraphy

Question 16

are marker fossils used to define periods of Geologic Time, and are useful in biostratigraphic correlation.

Answer 16

Index Fossils

Question 17

index fossils are distinctive (can be easily identified and distinguished from other fossils, widespread
(Distribution is not confined to a few locality) and have limited geologic time range.

Answer 17

yes, they should be distinct, and widespread, and KJHDSHDKJF

Question 18

The age of a rock, fossil, or other feature measured relative to another.

Answer 18

Relative Dating

Question 19

The age of a rock in years

Answer 19

Absolute Dating (numerical dating)

Question 20

Object of Relative Dating

Answer 20

*To place a geologic event in between two (or more) other geologic events.
*Does not tell the age of the event.
*Keep putting events in time, in relation to other events until the sequence spans geologic history.
*Some events can been seen throughout the world.

Question 21

distinct layer of sediment

Answer 21

Stratum

Question 22

plural of stratum

Answer 22

Strata

Question 23

– the study of sedimentary layers

Answer 23

Stratigraphy

Question 24

Water-borne sediments are deposited in horizontal layers.

Answer 24

.Original Horizontality

Question 25

– when several layers of sedimentary rock are exposed, the oldest layer is at the bottom of the pile and the youngest layer is at the top..

Answer 25

Superposition

Question 26

- A surface within a sequence of layers where no deposition, and possibly erosion, took place.

Answer 26

Unconformities

Question 27

a. Disconformity b. Angular Unconformity c. Nonconformity

Answer 27

extra info on

Question 28

If a rock fragment is found within another rock type, the fragment is older.

Answer 28

Inclusions

Question 29

- A rock layer is always older than a feature that cuts through it

Answer 29

Cross-cutting Relations

Question 30

Fossil Correlation

Answer 30

a. Based of evolution b. Also relies of superposition c. When a species becomes extinct, it does not reappear

Question 31

The spontaneous disintegration of the nucleus of an atom.

Answer 31

Radioactive decay

Question 32

a type of radioactive decay in which an atomic nucleus emits an alpha particle (two protons and two neutrons bound together into a particle identical to a helium nucleus) and transforms (or 'decays') into an atom with a mass number 4 less and atomic number 2 less

Answer 32

Alpha decay

Question 33

a type of radioactive decay in which a beta particle (an electron or a positron) is emitted

Answer 33

beta decay

Question 34

the amount of time it takes for half of the atoms in a sample to decay. absolute

Answer 34

Half-life

Question 35

Characteristics of index fossils are: –Abundant –Easily identified –Geographically widespread –Occurs in a variety of rock types –Short stratigraphic range (rapid rates of evolution)

Answer 35

:D

Question 36

is the scientific study of the origin, history, and structure of Earth and the processes that shape it.

Answer 36

Geology

Question 37

the principle that states that all geologic change occurs suddenly

Answer 37

Catastrophism

Question 38

Supporters of catastrophism thought that Earth’s features, such as mountains and seas, formed during sudden events called

Answer 38

catastrophes

Question 39

established a principle that is now known as uniformitarianism.

Answer 39

James Hutton

Question 40

the idea that the same geologic processes that shape Earth today have been at work throughout Earth’s history.

Answer 40

Uniformitarianism

Question 41

soo, Catastrophism or Uniformitarianism

Answer 41

bothh

Question 42

4 eons

Answer 42

Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic, and Phanerozoic

Question 43

Hadean, Archean, and Proterozoic eons together are called

Answer 43

Precambrian time

Question 44

Precambrian time makes up almost ____ percent of Earth’s history

Answer 44

90

Question 45

The Phanerozoic Eon, the present eon, is divided into three eras

Answer 45

the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic.

Question 46

Each era is subdivided into a number of

Answer 46

periods

Question 47

periods divided into

Answer 47

epochs

Question 48

At least ____ divisions of geologic time have ended in large mass extinction events

Answer 48

five

Question 49

Precambrian time began with the

Answer 49

formation of Earth about 4.6 billion years ago

Question 50

Toward the end of Precambrian time, where were earth;s land surfaces located?

Answer 50

near the poles and covered in ice.

Question 51

The Paleozoic Era began about

Answer 51

540 million years ago

Question 52

The supercontinent _________ was breaking up and the supercontinent Pangaea began forming.

Answer 52

Pannotia

Question 53

Life diversified quickly and dramatically during the ___________, during which most major groups of organisms first evolved.

Answer 53

Cambrian Explosion

Question 54

The era ended about 250 million years ago with a _________________.

Answer 54

huge mass extinction event

Question 55

During the Mesozoic Era, which began about 250 million years ago, Pangaea began _________

Answer 55

breaking up

Question 56

Life during the Mesozoic was dominated by

Answer 56

dinosaurs

Question 57

The Cenozoic Era began about 65 million years ago with the ________________ and continues to the present.

Answer 57

Cretaceous mass extinction

Question 58

Cenozoic period: ___________ split apart from North America and Europe, and the continents assumed their current positions.

Answer 58

Greenland

Question 59

The Indian subcontinent collided with Eurasia to form the

Answer 59

Himalayas

Question 60

The collision of Africa and Europe resulted in the

Answer 60

Alps

Question 61

The Cenozoic Era is divided into two periods:

Answer 61

the Tertiary and the Quaternary

Question 62

Quaternary stretches from about 2.6 million years ago to the __________.

Answer 62

present

Question 63

The Quaternary has been characterized by an

Answer 63

ice age, with much of Europe, North America, and Asia having been covered in thick sheets of ice

Question 64

The evolution of modern humans occurred during the

Answer 64

late Quaternary

Question 65

Any remains, trace or imprint of a plant or animal that has been preserved in Earth’s crust during prehistoric times

Answer 65

Fossils

Question 66

- Animal or plant remains buried quickly - Bones, shells, and teeth usually become fossils because they are very hard and don’t rot as quickly as softer parts - Usually takes millions of years for fossils to form

Answer 66

Conditions for fossilization

Question 67

Types of fossilization

Answer 67

Replacement Petrification Carbonization

Question 68

Bones or shells of organism are eventually broken down, which leaves a mold of the original organism in the sediment

Answer 68

Replacement

Question 69

Mineralized water fills pores and cavities of trees, deposits minerals, turns organic material into rock slowly

Answer 69

Petrification

Question 70

Overlying sediments flatten a plant and turn it into a thin, carbon film

Answer 70

Carbonization

Question 71

example of petrification

Answer 71

petrified wood

Question 72

NOT all fossils are index fossils

Answer 72

Index Fossils

Question 73

If they can be recognized in the rock, these fossils can be used to correlate rock in one area with rocks in a distant area

Answer 73

purpose of index fossilssssss