Lesson 1

Question 1

internal forces which derive their strength from the earth’s interior and play a crucial role in shaping the earth crust.

Answer 1

Endogenic forces

Question 2

Examples of endogenic forces

Answer 2

mountain building forces, continent building forces, earthquakes, volcanism etc

Question 3

mainly land building forces

Answer 3

endogenic forces

Question 4

main force behind endogenic geomorphic processes

Answer 4

energy emanating from within the earth

Question 5

This energy is mostly generated by ________, ________ and __________ and __________

Answer 5

radioactivity, rotational, tidal friction, primordial heat

Question 6

forces which derive their strength from the earth’s exterior or are originated within the earth’s atmosphere.

Question 7

Examples of exogenic forces

Answer 7

Wind, waves, water

Question 8

Examples of exogenic processes

Answer 8

Weathering
Mass movement
Erosion
Deposition

Question 9

Mainly land wearing forces

Answer 9

Exogenic forces

Question 10

Breaking of rocks on the earth’s surface by different agents like wind, sea, and glaciers

Answer 10

Weathering

Question 11

Examples of geomorphic agents

Answer 11

Running water
Groundwater
Glaciers
The wind
Waves
Currents

Question 12

A force applied on earth’s materials affecting the same

Answer 12

Geomorphic processes

Question 13

A mobile medium (like running water, moving ice masses, wind, currents, etc.) which removes, transports and deposit earth materials

Answer 13

Geomorphic agents

Question 14

Movements in the earth’s crust caused by the endogenic or exogenic forces

Answer 14

Earth movements

Question 15

Earth movements are also termed as

Answer 15

Tectonic movements

Question 16

Tectonic is derived from ‘Tekton’, Greek for?

Answer 16

Builders

Question 17

Responsible for building up landforms

Answer 17

Earth movements
Tectonic movements

Question 18

Processes which occur on earth’s surface due to the influence of exogenic forces are called

Answer 18

Exogenic forces or exogenic geomorphic forces

Question 19

Weathering, mass wasting, erosion,
and deposition are the main exogenic processes. All the exogenic processes are covered under a
general term-

Answer 19

Denudation

Question 20

Meaning of denudation

Answer 20

strip off or uncovers

Question 21

The action of elements of weather and climate over earth material.
It can be defined mechanical disintegration and chemical decomposition of rocks through the actions of various elements of weather and climate

Answer 21

Weathering

Question 22

Some minerals are removed, soo the minerals increase and make it more valuable. True or false?

Answer 22

True

Question 23

Physical or mechanical weathering processes depend on some applied forces.
The applied forces could be:

Answer 23

gravitational forces
expansion force
water pressure

Question 24

gravitational forces? bc of physical/mechanical weathering

Answer 24

overburden pressure, load, and shearing stress

Question 25

expansion forces due to? bc of physical/mechanical weathering

Answer 25

temperature changes, crystal growth or animal activity

Question 26

- Removal of overlying rock load because of continued erosion causes vertical pressure release. - Thus, the upper layers of the remaining rock expand to produce disintegration of rock masses. - Fractures will develop roughly parallel to the ground surface.

Answer 26

Unloading and expansion

Question 27

- In areas of curved ground surfaces, arched fractures tend to produce massive sheets

Answer 27

exfoliated slabs

Question 28

_________is a result but not a process. Flaking off of more or less curved sheets of shells from over rocks or bedrocks results in smooth and rounded surfaces.

Answer 28

Exfoliation

Question 29

So, unloading and expansion create large, smooth rounded domes called ____

Answer 29

exfoliation domes

Question 30

smooth surfaced and rounded small to big boulders called _______ form due to such exfoliation

Answer 30

tors

Question 31

- With rising in temperature, every mineral expands and pushes against its neighbor and as the temperature falls, a corresponding contraction takes place. - Due to differential heating and the resulting expansion and contraction of surface layers and their subsequent exfoliation from the surface results in smooth rounded surfaces in rocks.

Answer 31

Temperature changes and expansion

Question 32

Cycles of freezing and thawing (the weather becomes warmer and causes snow and ice to melt) causes

Answer 32

frost weathering

Question 33

Where is frost weathering most effective?

Answer 33

high elevations in mid-latitude where freezing and melting is often repeated

Question 34

explain freezing, thawing, and frost wedging (frost weathering)

Answer 34

Rapid freezing of water causes its sudden expansion and high pressure. The resulting expansion affects joints, cracks, and small intergranular fractures to become wider and wider till the rock breaks apart.

Question 35

Salts in rocks expand due to thermal action, hydration and crystallization.

Answer 35

Salt weathering

Question 36

Example of salts that expand

Answer 36

calcium, sodium, magnesium, potassium and barium

Question 37

_______ is the most effective of all salt weathering processes. It is favored in areas of alternative wetting and drying conditions

Answer 37

Salt crystallization

Question 38

can be due to solution, carbonation, hydration or oxidation/reduction.

Answer 38

Chemical weathering

Question 39

When something is dissolved in water or acids, the water or acid with dissolved content is called

Answer 39

solution

Question 40

This process involves removal of solids in solution and depends upon the solubility of a mineral in water or weak acids

Answer 40

solution

Question 41

how solution works

Answer 41

- coming into contact with water, lotsa solids disintegrate - so that forms minerals like nitrates, sulphates, potassium etc

Question 42

- occurs in rainy - common salt is also a rock forming mineral and is susceptible to this process

Answer 42

extra info on solution

Question 43

the reaction of carbonate and bicarbonate with minerals and is common process helping to break down of feldspar and carbonate minerals

Answer 43

Carbonation

Question 44

how does carbonation happen?

Answer 44

CO2 from everywhere absorbed by water forms carbonic acid, which is weak - results in cave formation

Question 45

chemical addition of water

Answer 45

Hydration

Question 46

how hydration work?

Answer 46

- Minerals take up water and expand --> increase in the volume of the material itself or rock. - The process is reversible and long, repetition --> disintegrate - calcium sulphate takes in water and turns to gypsum, which is more unstable than calcium sulphate

Question 47

means a combination of a mineral with oxygen to form oxides or hydroxides

Answer 47

Oxidation and reduction

Question 48

Minerals most commonly involved in oxidation is?

Answer 48

iron, manganese, Sulphur, etc

Question 49

how oxidation work?

Answer 49

rock breakdown occurs due to the disturbance caused by the addition of oxygen (that's why OXidation) - btw, without oxygen, but there is oxidized minerals, reduction happens

Question 50

several biological activities like growth or movements of organisms

Answer 50

Biological weathering

Question 51

biological weathering, how it works?

Answer 51

- nature - they bring in conditions for physical or chemical weathering

Question 52

When these smaller pieces (from weathering), called pebbles, sand, or soil, begin to move by natural forces, it is called ______

Answer 52

Erosion

Question 53

Erosion can happen either supa fast or supa slow, like millions of years slow.

Answer 53

omoidashite

Question 54

Main cause of erosion

Answer 54

water

Question 55

Two other main forces of erosion? (dw this is minor)

Answer 55

wind ice

Question 56

glaciers slowly move, carving out valleys ---> that is ____

Answer 56

erosion too :D

Question 57

once the movement of sediment, such as pebbles, sand, mud or even boulders reach their final destinations, it is called _______

Answer 57

deposition

Question 58

types of weathering?

Answer 58

mechanical chemical biological

Question 59

Erosion also affects the level of sorting-- what is sorting?

Answer 59

separating of items into groups according to one or more properties, in this case, it's size

Question 60

When sediment has been moved a lot by wind or waves, it is ____

Answer 60

well-sorted

Question 61

intriguing landforms are found along coastlines

Answer 61

Sea Stacks

Question 62

Landforms produced by erosion are often tall, jagged structures with several exposed layers of rock

Answer 62

fun fact

Question 63

* The Tepees in the Painted Desert of Arizona

Answer 63

erosion ex.

Question 64

Landforms created by deposition are often

Answer 64

flat and low-lying.

Question 65

An apron of sediment, called an ________, often forms where a stream flows from a steep, narrow canyon onto a flat plain at the foot of a mountain.

Answer 65

alluvial fan

Question 66

produces ice-carved features in mountains, like jagged mountain peaks and u-shaped valleys

Answer 66

Glacial Erosion

Question 67

cause of coastal erosion

Answer 67

Currents and waves

Question 68

a large deposit of sediment that forms where a stream enters a large body of water

Answer 68

delta

Question 69

the grinding away of rock or other surfaces as particles carried by wind, water, or ice scrape against them

Answer 69

abrasion

Question 70

a pile of windblown sand

Answer 70

dune

Question 71

Structures in caves that form by deposition from cave ceilings and floors are

Answer 71

stalactites and stalagmites