2nd_Psychiatry_Exam_Batch_2024_COMPILED Flashcards by

Which of the following statements about the chromosomes of both genders is TRUE?
A. The male gets its Y chromosome from the mother.
B. The female gets its X chromosomes only from the mother.
C. The male gets its X chromosomes from the father.
D. The female gets its X chromosomes from both parents.

D. The female gets its X chromosomes from both parents.

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Darwin was not the first to suggest that species evolve, but he was the first to suggest:
A. That sex is an important component of evolution
B. That evolution occurs by genetics
C. That culture is an important component of evolution
D. How evolution occurs

C. How evolution occurs
In the early 19th century Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744–1829) proposed his theory of the transmutation of species, the first fully formed theory of evolution. In 1858 Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace published a new evolutionary theory, explained in detail in Darwin’s On the Origin of Species (1859).

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Which of the following is TRUE about the relationship of estrogen and the brain?
A. Low levels of estradiol enhances the formation of memories.
B. Low levels of estradiol enhances the longevity of neurons.
C. Estradiol produces lipids in neurons to create energy.
D. Estradiol is responsible for energy production in the brain.

D. Estradiol is responsible for energy production in the brain.

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Who initiated the studies on the influence of genes on behaviour?
A. Gregor Mendel
B. Charles Darwin
C. Rene Descartes
D. Seymour Benzer

E. Seymour Benzer
Initiated studies on influence of genes on behavior in the 1970s Trans 24 1.06 p4

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Nature is to nurture as
A. Genetics is to experience
B. Behaviourism is to physiology
C. Learning is to genetics
D. Behaviourism is to ethology

A. Genetics is to experience

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The production of energy in women’s brains decreases by this much after menopause?
A. 80%
B. 10%
C. 50%
D. 30%

30%

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Which of the following is a steroid hormone?
A. Β-endorphin
B. Adrenocorticotropic hormone
C. Luteinizing hormone
D. Cortisol

D. Cortisol
Cortisol is a steroid hormone synthesized from cholesterol Β-endorphin and Adrenocorticotropic hormone are peptide hormones Luteinizing hormone is a glycoprotein hormone.

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This neuroimaging technique allows a study of the white matter tracts of the brain.
A. Magnetic resonance imaging
B. Computerized tomography
C. Functional magnetic resonance imaging
D. Diffusion tensor imaging

D. Diffusion tensor imaging

Provides information to qualitatively and quantitatively describe the shape, size, and integrity of gray and white matter structures in the brain.

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Behavior is the product of:
A. An organism’s perception of the situation
B. An organism’s genetic endowment
C. All of the above
D. An organism’s experience

C. All of the above.
Behavior is the product of interaction of genetic endowment, experience and perception of the current situation

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Which of the following is TRUE about the relationship of hormones with gender?
A. Men have greater amounts of testosterone than estrogen .
B. Women have greater amounts of testosterone than estrogen.
C. Estrogen decreases significantly in women during old age.
D. Testosterone decreases significantly in men during middle age.

A. Men have greater amounts of testosterone than estrogen.
Estrogen is known as the “female” hormone. Testosterone is known as the “male” hormone.

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Darwin suggested a mechanism of evolution called:
A. Sex
B. Courtship
C. Natural selection
D. Genes

C. Natural selection

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According to Helen Fisher, which of the following personality traits is driven primarily by testosterone?
A. Being agreeable
B. Intuitiveness
C. Tolerance to ambiguity
D. Being competitive

D. Being competitive

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Which of the following is a peptide neurotransmitter?
A. Endorphin
B. Histamine
C. Glycine
D. Norepinephrine

A. Endorphin
endorphin (endogenous morphine) Naturally occurring peptide neurotransmitter found in the pituitary gland that has similar painrelieving effects as morphine and other derivatives of opium.

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Which of the following events of signal transduction happens after about 1 day?
A. Enzymatic formation of second messengers
B. Activation of late genes
C. Binding of first messenger
D. Activation of ion channels

B. Activation of late genes

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After taking a medication for allergy you fell drowsy and sleepy. Which of the pharmacologic aspects has been effected by your medication?
A. H4 agonism
B. H1 antagonism
C. H2 antagonism
D. H3 agonism

B. H1 antagonism

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The earliest precursor of a neuron originates and proliferates in the:
A. Prosencephalon
B. Ventricular zone
C. Olfactory bulb
D. Hippocampus

A. Ventricular zone
The precursor cells of neurons proliferate in a part of the neural tube called the ventricular zone, adjacent to the neural tube’s central canal. During the period of maximum proliferation while the embryo is gestating, an estimated 250,000 new neurons form in the ventricular zone every minute.

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Which of the following is TRUE about dominant traits?
A. Appears in 50% of first crosses
B. Appears in 25% of second crosses
C. Appears in 50% of second crosses
D. Appears in 100% of first crosses

D. Appears in 100% of first crosses
Dominant traits (appears in 100% of 1st crosses) and recessive traits (appear in 25% of second crosses) (trans 1.06 page2)

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Humans normally have:
A. 21 chromosomes
B. 23 pairs of chromosomes
C. 23 chromosomes
D. 21 pairs of chromosomes

D. 23 pairs of chromosomes
Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes–22 pairs of numbered chromosomes, called autosomes, and one pair of sex chromosomes, X and Y.

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All of the following are nucleotide bases that make up the genetic material EXCEPT for:
A. Guanine
B. Cytosine
C. Adenine
D. Thiamine

D. Thiamine
The 4 DNA bases are adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), or thymine (T) not THIAMINE Trans 1.6 p2

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Fitness in the Darwinian sense refers to an organism’s ability to:
A. Contribute fertile offsprings to the next generation
B. Survive natural and man-made disasters
C. Become large and strong and be able to defeat enemies
D. Remain healthy and void being preyed upon

A. Contribute fertile offsprings to the next generation
Human Evolution - Charles Darwin: Traits associated with high rates of survival & reproduction most likely to be passed on to future generations Reference: (2024) Trans 1.06 - Page 01

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Late gene products are produced by hormone through the activating action of:
A. Fos protein
B. cJun gene
C. cFos gene
D.Fos-Jun protein

D. Fos-Jun protein
Examples of Late Gene Activation: Fos& Jun collaborate to produce a Fos-Jun combination protein (acts as 6th-messenger transcription factor for late genes) Activating Late Gene: Fos-Jun transcription factor returns to genome & finds another gene (late gene) Reference: (2024) Trans 1.07 - Page 03

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Which of the following statements is TRUE about the difference between hormones and neurotransmitters?
A. Hormones exert their action at sites distant from where they are secrete while neurotransmitters exert their action close to where they are secreted
B. Hormones allow us to adjust to changes in our environment while neurotransmitters do not
C. Hormones are transported through the axon while neurotransmitters are transported through the circulatory system
D. Hormones regulate complex human behaviour activities while neurotransmitters do not.

A. Hormones exert their action at sites distant from where they are secrete while neurotransmitters exert their action close to where they are secreted

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All of the following statements about the human genome project are true EXCEPT for;
A. It has produced knowledge that may explain human diseases with genetic basis
B. It has identified all the variations in occurring in human genes
C. It has mapped the brain sequence of 200,000 human genes
D. It has produced knowledge that may explain the genetic basis of human behaviour

B. It has identified all the variations in occurring in human genes

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The idea that the human brain and human mind are separate entities was formalized in the 1600s by;
A. Descartes
B. Plato
C. Hebb
D. Locke

A. Descartes

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58. Proteins that are manufactured in the brain cell are transported to distant sites by the: A. Golgi apparatus B. Axon terminals C. Vesicles D. Cytosomes

A. Golgi apparatus A Golgi body, also known as a Golgi apparatus, is a cell organelle that helps process and package proteins and lipid molecules, especially proteins destined to be exported from the cell.

59. The genetic material that expresses the emotion of happiness is called: A. Phenotype B. Gamete C. Allele D. Genotype

A. Phenotype Phenotype is the term used in genetics for the composite observable characteristics or traits of an organism. The term covers the organism's morphology or physical form and structure, its developmental processes, its biochemical and physiological properties, its behavior, and the products of behavior.

60. Which of the following is an inhibitory interneuron? A. Glutamate B. Dopamine C. GABA D. Serotonin

The most common inhibitory receptor, made up of five (5) proteins subunits, which vary for different subclasses of the receptor. Barbiturates and benzodiazepines, Ethanol and Neurosteriods

62. Which of the following structures of the neuron may demonstrate a change in morphology as a result of the person’s experiences in life? A. Axon B. DNA C. Dendritic spine D. Axonal button

C. Dendritic spine

63. Women who develop amyloid plaques (risk factor for dementia) in their brains will have this much increases in these structures after menopause. A. 20% B. 40% C. 60% D. 10%

A. 20% THE LOSS OF ESTROGEN IN MENOPAUSE MEANS THAT GLUCOSE METABOLISM IN THE BRAIN, ITS PRIMARY FUEL, IS REDUCED BY ABOUT 20-25%. AS A RESULT, WOMEN DEVELOP AMYLOID PLAQUES (RISK FACTOR FOR DEMENTIA) IN THEIR BRAINS.

64. For the past month, Joseph has been worried that he might not be able to complete his project on time and would consequently lose his job. He has been constantly anxious and he smokes cigarettes to relieve himself of the stress. His cigarette intake has now increases to a pack a day. Joseph is not known to be suffering from any physical or mental disorders. Which of the following physiological changes would you expect to be happening in Joseph? A. Increased production of CRH by hypothalamus B. Decreased production of ACTH by the pituitary gland C. Stimulation of the hypothalamus by the hippocampus D. Inhibition of the hypothalamus by the amygdala

A. Increased production of CRH by hypothalamus

65. Which part of the brain sorts out sensory information and determines where it will go? A. Thalamus B. Hypothalamus C. Hippocampus D. Amygdala

A. Thalamus Thalamus is composed of different nuclei that each serve a unique role, ranging from relaying sensory and motor signals, as well as regulation of consciousness and alertness.

66. Which physiological change explains the mood swings that women undergoing menopause experience? A. High levels of estradiol acting on the amygdala B. Low levels of estradiol acting on the hypothalamus B. High levels of estradiol acting on the hippocampus D. High levels of estradiol acting on the brainstem

A. High levels of estradiol acting on the amygdala

67. Which of the following is TRUE about the relationship between stress and estrogen? A. Increased cortisol enhances estrogen production B. Decreased stress enhances estrogen production C. Cortisol levels do not affect estrogen production D. Increased stress enhances estrogen production

B. Decreased stress enhances estrogen production When you are stressed, or overly busy, your cortisol levels go sky high and your body must use up its progesterone to keep up, which will ultimately deplete your “oh so helpful” hormone, progesterone. As more progesterone is used for cortisol production, less is available to balance estrogen – leading to increased estrogen levels.

70. Which of the following is TRUE about gene structure and expression? A. A mature mRNA is made up of ligated exons B. A mature mRNA is exported from the cytoplasm into the nucleus where it is translated into a protein C. Coding regions in the gene are called introns while noncoding regions are called exons D. Transcription leads to the production of a double-stranded mRNA

A mature mRNA is made up of ligated exons B. A mature mRNA is exported from the nucleus where it is translated into a protein in the cystoplasm D. Coding regions in the gene are called exons while noncoding regions are called introns D. Transcription leads to the production of a single-stranded mRNA

71. According to Helen Fisher, which of the following personality traits is driven by estrogen? A. Ambitiousness B. Tough-mindedness C. Being mentally flexible D. Being emotionally contained

C. Being mentally flexible

72. He was the first to describe the process by which behaviour may be passed on from one generation to another. A. Sigmund Freud B. Francis Crick C. Egas Moniz D. Gregor Mendel

D. Gregor Mendel Mendelian genetics (Documented by Gregor Mendel – Austrian Monk) Darwin did not understand how structural or behavioral traits could be passed from one generation to another or how conspecifics could differ from one another.

73. Methamphetamine (shabu) is considered a psychostimulant because: A. It blocks the reuptake of dopamine B. It enhances the degradation of dopamine C. It decreases dopamine levels in the synaptic cleft D. It blocks dopamine post-synaptic receptors

A. It blocks the reuptake of dopamine Methamphetamine also blocks the re-uptake of dopamine, but it also increases the release of dopamine Psychostimulants are potent inhibitors for the DA reuptake transporter and result in increased DA stimulation of postsynaptic neurons.

74. Which of the following is a steroid hormone? A. Cortisol B. Β-endorphin C. Luteinizing hormone D. Adrenocorticotropic hormone

A. Cortisol Estrogens, progesterone, glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens are steroid hormones. Trans 24 1.07 p2

75. Which of the following statements is TRUE about the cognitive functioning of women as compared to men during midlife? A. Women and men experience decreased cognitive functioning B. Women and men do not differ in their cognitive functioning C. Women tend to have lower cognitive functioning than men D. Women tend to have higher cognitive functioning than men. Women tend to have higher cognitive functioning than men

B. Women and men do not differ in their cognitive functioning

76. All of the following statements about the evolution of the human brain are true EXCEPT for: A. Most of the increase in the size of the brain has occurred in the cerebellum B. Most of the increase in the size of the brain increased in the cerebellum C. The increase in the size of the brain was a result in the increase of a gyri. D. The increase in the size of the brain was a result of increased cortical convolutions

A. Most of the increase in the size of the brain has occurred in the cerebellum The Evolution of human brain: 1. The brain has increased in size during evolution 2. Most of the increase occurred in the cerebrum 3. There has been an increase in the number of convolutions that has greatly increased the volume of the cerebral cortex

77. How many layers does the cortex of the mature human brain have? A. 10 B. 3 C. 6 D. 1

D. 6 There are six layers of cerebral cortex: Molecular (plexiform) layer. External granular layer. External pyramidal layer. Internal granular layer. Internal pyramidal layer. Multiform (fusiform) layer.

78. Which hormone comes from the posterior pituitary gland? A. Adrenocorticotropic hormone B. Thyroid stimulating hormone C. Oxytocin D. Estrogen

C. Oxytocin Oxytocin is produced by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Adrenocorticotropic hormone and Thyroid stimulating hormone is produced by the anterior pituitary gland. Estrogen is produced mainly by the ovaries and some from the adrenal glands

79. Norepinephrine acts as a hormone when it its produced in the: A. Dorsal raphe nuclei B. Adrenal medulla C. Hypothalamus D. Locus ceruleus

B. Adrenal medulla The main hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla include epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline).

1. Which of the following is the correct sequence of development of neurons? a. Cellular expansion, Refinement of connection, Apoptosis, Neurogenesis b. Apoptosis, refinement of connections, cellular expansion, neurogenesis c. Neurogenesis, cellular expansion refinement of connections, apoptosis d. refinement of connection, cellular expansion, apoptosis, neurogenesis

c. Neurogenesis, cellular expansion refinement of connections, apoptosis

2. How much of newly born neuronal precursors continue to develop and mature? a. 20% b. 100% c. 50% d. 30%

c. 50%

3. Karla is a 5 year old girl who has been living in an orphanage since she was an infant. There are 100 children and the orphanage and only 5 caregivers to take care of them. This situation can potentially compromise the neurogenesis in Karla’s hippocampus. Which of the following substances in Karla’s brain would be responsible for inhibiting neurogenesis? a. Norepinephrine b. Crh c. Cortisol

c. Cortisol

4. this explains the increased inquisitiveness of children around the age of 4 a. increase volume of the brain b. increased formation of synapses in the prefrontal cortex c. increased pruning of synopsis in the parietal cortex d. increased formation of gyri

b. increased formation of synapses in the prefrontal cortex

5. generally program neuronal cell death is called a. Necrosis b. Apoptosis c. Neurogenesis d. Phagocytosis

b. Apoptosis

6. The refinement of connections of newly developed Neurons is brought about by a. the creation of more axon terminals b. Apoptosis c. the pruning of unwanted dendrites d. Necrosis

c. the pruning of unwanted dendrites

7. who discovered the nerve growth factors a. Rita Levi-Montalcini b. Robert sapolsky c. sigmund freud d. albert einstein

a. Rita Levi-Montalcini

8. all of the following statements about cells affected by nerve growth factors are true except for: a. cells that receives sufficient NGF will survive and grow b. cells of target organs produce NGF c. NGF receptors exist on innervating nerve terminals d. Cells that lack NGF will receive help from neighbouring ones

d. Cells that lack NGF will receive help from neighbouring ones

9. Which of the following is not a Nerve Growth Factor? a. Brain depleted neurotrophic factor b. Insulin like growth factor c. Glial cell line-derived neutrotrophic factor d. Neutrotrophic-3

a. Brain depleted neurotrophic factor

10. Which part of the hypothalamus does a visual signal pass through a. Dorsomedial nucleus b. Medial geniculate nucleus c. Ventromedial nucleus d. Lateral geniculate nucleus

d. Lateral geniculate nucleus

10. The critical period of human visual cortex development is up to this age a. 6 years b. 15 years c. 10 years d. 20 years

a. 6 years

12. where is the location of the somatosensory homunculus a. precentral gyrus b. dorsolateral prefrontal cortex c. superior temporal gyrus d. postcentral gyrus

d. postcentral gyrus

13. who was the first to map the sensory and motor cortices of the human brain a. Rita Levi-Montalcini b. william penfield c. isaac newton d. george engel

b. william penfield

14. in human brains Neurogenesis has been established in the olfactory bulb and the a. Thalamus b. basal ganglia c. Hippocampus d. nucleus accumbens

c. Hippocampus

15. who is considered as the father of neuroscience a. sigmund freud b. gregor mendel c. charles darwin d. santiago ramón y cajal

d. santiago ramón y cajal

16. Neurogenesis is defined as the a. production of glucose in the brain b. death of damaged neurons c. production of neurotransmitters d. creation of new neurons

d. creation of new neurons

17. which of the following morphologic changes occur in the hippocampus as a result of chronic stress a. arborization of dendrites b. increased interneurons c. increased neurogenesis d. decrease volume

c. increased neurogenesis

18. we learn from the mistakes we made in life despite the stress they cause in our neurons because of this neurophysiological mechanism a. Neurogenesis b. long term potentiation c. Apoptosis d. defense mechanism

b. long term potentiation

19. Neuroblast that migrate to the olfactory bulb are produced in the a. postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe b. frontal cortex c. Hippocampus d. subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles

d. subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles

20. which of the following is a positive modulator of neuroplasticity in the hippocampus a. Cortisol b. cardiovascular exercise c. chronic stress d. aging

b. cardiovascular exercise

21. This is the macrophage of the brain a. astrocyte b. Neurons c. Oligodendrocyte d. Microglia

d. Microglia

22. all of the following structures originates from the ectoderm except for a. Oligodendrocytes b. Astrocytes c. Microglia d. Neuron

c. Microglia

23. the glial scar is produced by a. Neutrophils b. Macrophages c. Astrocytes d. Neuron

c. Astrocytes

24. Which of the following is not a cytokine? a. Acetylcholine b. Interferon c. tumor necrosis factor d. Interleukin

a. Acetylcholine

25. which of the following is not a neurodevelopmental function of cytokines? a. guide white blood cells to injured brain areas b. promote plasticity of synapses c. induce stem cell differentiation d. promote survival of oligodendrocytes

a. guide white blood cells to injured brain areas

26. One of the ways by which the brain is able to control excessive immune system activity is by activating the endocrine system through the production of a. Interleukins b. Interferons c. Cortisol d. Norepinephrine

c. Cortisol

27. jasmine is an 8 years old girl who was punished by her parents for her misdeeds by depriving her use of her favorite gadgets for the past 4 weeks. which of the following physiologic changes would you expect to be happening to her? a. activation of the dopaminergic system b. Deactivation of the sympathetic nervous system c. Activation of the HPA axis d. Deactivation of the HPA axis

c. Activation of the HPA axis

28. T. palladium damages the brain a. By releasing a toxin b. By introducing an inflammatory response c. Within 18 hours of infection d. by targeting cortisol pyramidal neurons

b. By introducing an inflammatory response

29. A cocaine vaccine a. Stimulates anti cocaine antibody production in the CNS b. stimulates and cocaine leukocytes c. reduces euphoria

c. reduces euphoria

30. cytokines are involved in all of the following except a. mental illness b. Turning off the inflammatory response c. neural plasticity d. Identifying T. palladium

d. Identifying T. palladium

31. The cns reduces the inflammatory response through all of the following except a. parasympathetic nervous system b. adrenal gland c. Sympathetic nervous system d. Cytokines

d. Cytokines

32. An activated immune system a. promotes healing b. Occurs in the latent phase of syphilis c. Complicates neural development d. can be used to diagnose chronic fatigue syndrome

c. Complicates neural development

33. which of the following is not a major component of an immune response a. Neurotrophins. b. Antibodies c. Leukocytes d. Cytokines

a. Neurotrophins.

34. Which of the following statements about the inflammatory response is true a. Blood vessels constrict to prevent fluid movement into tissues b. it is manifested by a cold sensation on the inflammatory site c. red blood cells congregate in the inflammatory site d. The cytokines signal the start of the inflammatory process

d. The cytokines signal the start of the inflammatory process

35. Which of the following Statements about the microglia is true? a. It originates from the ectoderm of the embryo b. it it acts to protect the brain from foreign invasion. c. It is a component of the blood brain barrier d. it produces neurotrophins like BDNF

b. it it acts to protect the brain from foreign invasion.

36. Select the appropriate type of immune response to each of the following Killer T Cells Antibodies Neutrophils Macrophages Complement Proteins

Killer T Cells Delayed Immune Response Antibodies Delayed Immune Response Neutrophils Immediate Immune Response Macrophages Immediate Immune Response Complement Proteins Immediate Immune Response

37. which of the following is not a characteristic of nociceptors? a. they signal afferent neurons b. they detect the sensation of pain c. They detect the sensation of touch d. they are free nerve endings

c. They detect the sensation of touch

38. which of the following brain structures is not a component of the top-down control of pain a. AMygdala b. Lateral ventricles c. Periaqueductal gray matter d. Hypothalamus

b. Lateral ventricles

39.Which of the following enzymes has been implicated in the genetic explanation of pain modulation? a. Dopamine hydroxylase b. Catechol-O-methyltransferase c. Phosphatase d. Kinase

b. Catechol-O-methyltransferase

40. vanessa accidentally touched a hot pan while cooking her breakfast. which among the following brain components enabled her to isolate the source of her pain to her left hand? a. spinoreticular tract and amygdala b. reticular formation and insular cortex c. somatosensory cortex and medial thalamus d. spinothalamic tract and lateral thalamus

d. spinothalamic tract and lateral thalamus

41. The naturally occurring morphine in the brain is a. Dopamine b. Opium c. Endorphin d. GABA

c. Endorphin

42. John, a medical intern sustained a fracture on his leg while playing a game of basketball initially, he was in severe but as soon as he was admitted to the emergency room, he reported to the physician that his pain was not severe enough to warrant the administration of morphine. what could best explain the diminished perception of the pain that john experience in the emergency room? a. enkephalins activated the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex b. endocannabinoids activated the periaqueductal gray matter c. dynorphin activated amygdala d. morphine activated the hypothalamus

b. endocannabinoids activated the periaqueductal gray matter

43. slow aching pain signals a. D fibers b. C fiber c. A-beta fibers d. A-delta fibers

b. C fiber

44. Simultaneous input from this nerve fibers explain the inhibitory effects of the gate theory of pain a. D fibers b. C fibers c. A-delta fiber d. A-beta fibers

d. A-beta fibers

45.This is not associated with the affective-motivational pathways of pain a. medial thalamus b. “How much does it hurt?” c. somatosensory cortex d. anterior cingulate and insular cortex

c. somatosensory cortex

46. This is not part of the descending pathways of pain a. periaqueductal gray b. rostral ventral medulla c. spinothalamic tract d. dorsal horn

c. spinothalamic tract

47. this is the primary opioid receptor a. delta receptor b. kappa receptor c. Mu receptor d. B receptor

c. Mu receptor

48. This is an unlikely explanation for chronic persistent pain a. damaged nerves b. genetic predisposition c. Extinguished placebo response d. B receptor

c. Extinguished placebo response

49. Which neurotransmitter stimulate the tegmental and nucleus accumbens to produce the experience of pleasure? a. Dopamine b. GABA c. Acetylcholine d. Glutamate

a. Dopamine

2nd_Psychiatry_Exam_Batch_2024_COMPILED Flashcards

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