Psych- LE2 (2025)

Question 1

44. A medical student is finding it hard to adjust to medical school and his having problems with his sleep. What is the best psychological explanation for the student’s insomnia?
    A. A decrease activity of the GABAergic system
    B. A reactivation of past fears about failure
    C. An increase in the activity of the cholinergic system
    D. A heightened hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity

Answer 1

B. A reactivation of past fears about failure

Question 2

45. Which of the following will be LEAST helpful in the sociocultural evaluation of an individual’s mental health?
    A. The effect of changes in role status
    B. The nature and type of support system
    C. The reactions to people’s behaviors
    D. The level of cortisol activity in the brain

Answer 2

D. The level of cortisol activity in the brain

Question 3

46. The biopsychosocial model of mental health is based on the work of:
    A. Sigmund Freud
    B. George Engel
    C. Emelita Gatmaitan
    D. Charles Darwin

Answer 3

B. George Engel

Question 4

47. The biological dimension of mental health emphasizes the
    A. learned patterns of thinking and acting that result of experience.
    B. intrapsychic conflicts that are generated by stressful life experiences.
    C. psychodynamic patterns of thinking and acting that result to experience.
    D. Anatomical, structural, and molecular aspects of human behavior.

Answer 4

D. Anatomical, structural, and molecular aspects of human behavior.

Question 5

48. Norepinephrine acts as a hormone when it is produced in the:
    A. Adrenal medulla.
    B. Dorsal raphe nucleus.
    C. Locus ceruleus.
    D. Adrenal cortex.

Answer 5

A. Adrenal medulla.

Question 6

49. Which of the following hormones enhance the inhibitory effects of GABA?
    A. Protien hormones
    B. Neurosteroids
    C. Amine hormones
    D. Neuropeptides

Answer 6

B. Neurosteroids

Question 7

50. Which of the following is the master of the body?
    A. Hippocampus
    B. Pineal gland
    C. Pituitary gland
    D. Hypothalamus

Answer 7

D. Hypothalamus

Question 8

51. What substances are secreted from the hypothalamus?
    A.Inhibiting homones
    B. Neurotransmitter
    C. Releasing hormones
    D. Cortisol

Answer 8

C. Releasing hormones

Question 9

52. Triiodothyronine influences BDNF to stimulate brain maturation. What does BDNF
    stand for?
    A. Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor
    B. Booster Doses for Neuronal Fragments
    C. Brain Defense and Nutrition Factor
    D. Big Deterrents to Nervous Factors

Answer 9

A. Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor

Question 10

53. Karl recently broke up with his girlfriend of years. He has been feeling low and is unable to sleep and eat well. He is demotivated to pursue his schooling and is thinking of ending his life.
    Which of the following laboratory findings would you expect to find in Karl?
    A. Increased activity in the prefrontal cortex
    B. Increased activity of the dopaminergic system
    C. Increased levels of thyroid stimulating hormone
    D. Increased levels of serotonin

Answer 10

C. Increased levels of thyroid stimulating hormone

Question 11

54. For the past month, Joseph has been worried that he might not be able to complete his project on time and would consequently lose his job. He has been constantly anxious and he smokes cigarettes to relieve himself of stress. His cigarette intake has now increased to a pack a day. Joseph is not known to be suffering from any physical or mental disorders. Which of the following physiological changes would you expect to be happening in Joseph?
    A. Decreased production of CRH by the hypothalamus
    B. Decreased production of ACTH by the pituitary gland
    C. Inhibition of the hypothalamus by the amygdala
    D. Inhibition of the hypothalamus by the hippocampus

Answer 11

D. Inhibition of the hypothalamus by the hippocampus

Question 12

55.Danielle’s closest friends cut off ties with her 3 years ago because they thought that she was too self-centered. Feeling rejected and abandoned, Danielle’s self-esteem greatly diminished and she refused to mingle with people including her own family. Since her friends left her, Danielle was often depressed and lacked interest to engage in her usual activities. She forced herself to attend school but this was no longer as enjoyable as it used to be for her. Given Danielle’s current state, all of the following changes in her hippocampus may have taken place EXCEPT for:
A. Decreased neurogenesis
B. Increased atrophy of dendrites
C. Increased formation of spines
D. Decreased volume

Answer 12

C. Increased formation of spines

Question 13

56. In her video “Love and Hormones,” Helen Fisher proposed that __________ is a personality trait that is driven primarily by estrogen.
    A. Being emotionally constrained
    B. Ambitiousness
    C. Tough-mindedness
    D. Being mentally flexible

Answer 13

D. Being mentally flexible

Question 14

57. In her video “Love and Hormones.” Helen Fisher proposed that ______ is a personality trait that is driven primarily by testosterones.
    A. Tolerance to ambiguity
    B. Intuitiveness
    C. Being competitive
    D. Being agreeable

Answer 14

C. Being competitive

Question 15

58. Which of the following statements is TRUE about the cognitive functioning of women as compared to men during midlife?
    A. Women and men do not differ in their cognitive functioning
    B. Women tend to have higher cognitive functioning than men
    C. Women and men experience decreased cognitive functioning
    D. Women tend to have lower cognitive functioning than men

Answer 15

A. Women and men do not differ in their cognitive functioning

Question 16

59. Which physiological change explains the mood swings that women experience during menopause?
    A. High levels of estradiol acting on the hippocampus
    B. High levels of estradiol acting on the brainstem
    C. High levels of estradiol acting on the amygdala
    D. High levels of estradiol acting on the hypothalamus

Answer 16

C. High levels of estradiol acting on the amygdala

Question 17

60. Which of the following is TRUE about the relationship of hormones with gender?
    A. Estrogen in women starts to decrease significantly in old age
    B. Men have greater amounts of testosterone than estrogen
    C. Women have greater amounts of testosterone than estrogen
    D. Testosterone in men decreases significantly in middle age

Answer 17

B. Men have greater amounts of testosterone
than estrogen

Question 18

61. Which of the following is TRUE about the relationship of estrogen and the brain?
    A. Estradiol is responsible for energy production in the brain
    B. Low levels of estradiol enhances the longevity of neurons
    C. Low levels of estradiol enhances the formation of memories
    D. Estradiol produces lipids in neurons to create energy

Answer 18

A. Estradiol is responsible for energy production in the brain

Question 19

62. Which of the following is TRUE about the relationship between stress and estrogen?
    A. Cortisol levels do not affect estrogen production
    B. Increased stress enhances estrogen production
    C. Decreased stress enhances estrogen production
    D. Increased cortisol enhances estrogen production

Answer 19

C. Decreased stress enhances estrogen production

Question 20

63. Cortisol is derived from:
    A. Cholesterol
    B. Testosterone
    C. Aldosterone
    D. progesterone

Answer 20

A. Cholesterol

Question 21

64. After genetic codes are read, they are translated into proteins by the:
    A. Nucleolus
    B. Ribosomes
    C. Nucleus
    D. Mitochondria

Answer 21

B. Ribosomes

Question 22

65. The set of chemical tags that are attached to a genome is called the:
    A. Transcription factor
    B. Neurotransmitter
    C. Epigenome
    D. Gene ligand

Answer 22

C. Epigenome

Question 23

66. Understanding epigenetics helps us appreciate:
    A. The cognitive effects of trisomy 21 that leads to Down’s syndrome
    B. The increased potential for insertions and deletions in people with mental illness
    C. Why non-protein-coding sections are so highly expressed in the brain
    D. How events in the environment can alter gene expression

Answer 23

D. How events in the environment can alter gene expression

Question 24

67. Which of the following statements is the most accurate?
    A. Methylation and acetylation reduces gene expression
    B. Methylation reduces gene expression and acetylation increases it
    C. Methylation increases gene expression and acetylation reduces it
    D. Methylation and acetylation increases gene expression

Answer 24

B. Methylation reduces gene expression and acetylation increases it

Question 25

68. All of the following statements about telomere are TRUE EXCEPT for: A. They identify the terminal end of a chromosome B. They are altered by the diet of one’s grandparents C. They are believed to correlate with some mental disorders D. They grow shorter with increasing replication

Answer 25

B. They are altered by the diet of one’s grandparents

Question 26

69. Which of the following statements about epigenomes is TRUE? A. A person’s capacity to cope with stress is increased by the methylation of genes B. Alterations in one’s epigenomes may be corrected by a balanced lifestyle C. A person’s stress tolerance is not influenced by changes in his/her epigenomes D. Alterations in one’s epigenomes are not passed onto future generations

Answer 26

B. Alterations in one’s epigenomes may be corrected by a balanced lifestyle

Question 27

70. In the video “Epigenetics: Our Bodies’ Way to Change the Destiny Written in our DNA,” Moshe Szyf proposed that our DNA is made up of a combination of two components of information: a fixed one and an open and dynamic one. A. True B. False

Answer 27

A. True

Question 28

71. In the video “Epigenetics: Our Bodies’ Way to Change the Destiny Written in our DNA,” Moshe Szyf proposed that we can reprogram our genetic make-up by changing the story of our lives. A. True B. False

Answer 28

A. True

Question 29

72.DNA fits in the cell nucleus because it is wrapped around structures called: A. Histones B. Mitochondria C. Google bodies D. Ribosomes

Answer 29

A. Histones

Question 30

73. The combination of DNA and histones is Called: A. Epigenome B. Chromatin C. Genotype D. Phenotype

Answer 30

B. Chromatin

Question 31

74. Although the cells in our body contain exactly the same DNA material, they have features that characteristically differentiate them from each other. These differences are influenced by: A. Epigenetic markers B. Genetic replication C. Neurotransmitters D. Hormones

Answer 31

A. Epigenetic markers

Question 32

75. All of the following is TRUE about the Agouti gene in mice EXCEPT for A. Pups with less expression of the Agouti gene are healthier B. What the pregnant mother eats can have enduring effects on the DNA of the pups C. A pregnant mother’s diet high in polyunsaturated fats will silence the Agouti gene D. Methylation of the promoter region produces more brown pups

Answer 32

C. A pregnant mother’s diet high in polyunsaturated fats will silence the Agouti gene

Question 33

76. Epigenetics links the correlation between maternal behavior during pregnancy with the vulnerability of the unborn fetus to mental health problems later in life. A. True B. False

Answer 33

A. True

Question 34

77. All of the statements about the relationship of the quality of caregiving that a child receives and the stress tolerance of that child may be TRUE EXCEPT for: A. More glucocorticoid receptors will increase the tolerance of children to stress B. Good caregiving creates epigenetic markers that will turn off the expression of glucocorticoid receptors C. Children who are well taken care of by their caregivers will have more glucocorticoid receptors D. Abuse and neglect creates epigenetic markers that will prevent the production of proteins for glucocorticoid receptors in Children.

Answer 34

B. Good caregiving creates epigenetic markers that will turn off the expression of glucocorticoid receptors

Question 35

1. The concept of neuroplasticity explains why it is possible for our brains to replace old negative behaviors with new healthy ones. a. True b. False

Answer 35

a. True

Question 36

2. After childhood, the brain stops changing structurally and functionally a. True b. False

Answer 36

b. False

Question 37

3. The concept of neuroplasticity explains why our brain changes when we learn new skills. a. True b. False

Answer 37

a. True

Question 38

4. Learning happens because lone-term memories are created by chemical changes in the brain rather than structural changes. a. True b. False

Answer 38

b. False

Question 39

5. The concept of neuroplasticity posits that learning occurs as a result of chemical, structural, and functional changes in the brain. a. True b. False

Answer 39

a. True

Question 40

6. The primary factor that drives neuroplastic change is behavior. a. True b. False

Answer 40

a. True

Question 41

7. Patterns of neuroplasticity are uniform among individuals. a. True b. False

Answer 41

b. False

Question 42

8. Oxytocin decreases the propensity of an individual to develop a positive relationship with others. a. True b. False

Answer 42

b. False

Question 43

9. Kelly Lambert, in her lecture, improving our neuroplasticity, stated that repetitive behavior such as knitting increases serotonin. a. True b. False

Answer 43

a. True

Question 44

10. Dopamine allows us to anticipate or look forward to positive events. a. True b. False

Answer 44

a. True

Question 45

11. Cortisol is also called the cuddle chemical. a. True b. False

Answer 45

b. False

Question 46

12. In her studies, Kelly Lambert found that rats who lived in enriched environments developed more neuroplasticity than those that did not. a. True b. False

Answer 46

a. True

Question 47

13. In her studies, Kelly Lambert found that effort-based reward rats had increased levels of stress hormones and decreased levels of resilience hormones. a. True b. False

Answer 47

b. False

Question 48

14. In her studies, Kelly Lambert cited a study that showed that individuals who grew up in childhood environments that were rich in greenery were 55% less likely to experience depression in their lives. a. True b. False

Answer 48

a. True

Question 49

15. Which cells consume foreign bodies?  A. T-cells B. B-cells

Answer 49

A. T-cells

Question 50

15. Which cells produce antibodies? A. T-cells B. B-cells

Answer 50

B. B-cells

Question 51

16. This is the macrophage of the brain a. Astrocyte b. Neurons c. Oligodendrocyte d. Microglia

Answer 51

d. Microglia

Question 52

17. the glial scar is produced by a. Neutrophils b. Macrophages c. Astrocytes d. Neuron

Answer 52

c. Astrocytes

Question 53

18. Macrophages ingest foreign invaders in the human body and inform phagocytes of the antigens of these bodies. a. True b. False

Answer 53

b. False

Question 54

19. Which of the following is not a cytokine? a. Acetylcholine b. Interferon c. Tumor necrosis factor d. Interleukin

Answer 54

a. Acetylcholine

Question 55

20. which of the following is not a neurodevelopmental function of cytokines? a. guide white blood cells to injured brain areas b. promote plasticity of synapses c. induce stem cell differentiation d. promote survival of oligodendrocytes

Answer 55

a. guide white blood cells to injured brain areas

Question 56

21. One of the ways by which the brain is able to control excessive immune system activity is by activating the endocrine system through the production of a. Interleukins b. Interferons c. Cortisol d. Norepinephrine

Answer 56

c. Cortisol

Question 57

22. Jasmine is an 8 years old girl who was punished by her parents for her misdeeds by depriving her use of her favorite gadgets for the past 4 weeks. which of the following physiologic changes would you expect to be happening to her? a. activation of the dopaminergic system b. Deactivation of the sympathetic nervous system c. Activation of the HPA axis d. Deactivation of the HPA axis

Answer 57

c. Activation of the HPA axis

Question 58

23. Which of the following statements about microglia is True? a. It acts to protect the brain from foreign invasion b. It originates from the ectoderm of the embryo c. It is a component of the blood-brain barrier d. It produces neurotrophins like BDNF

Answer 58

a. It acts to protect the brain from foreign invasion

Question 59

24. Which of the following statements about the inflammatory response is True? a. The cytokines signal the start of the inflammatory response process b. It is manifested by a cold sensation on the inflammatory site c. RBC congregate in the inflammatory site d. Blood vessels constrict to prevent fluid movement into tissues

Answer 59

a. The cytokines signal the start of the inflammatory response process

Question 60

25. which of the following is not a major component of an immune response a. Neurotrophins b. Antibodies c. Leukocytes d. Cytokines

Answer 60

a. Neurotrophins

Question 61

26. An activated immune system a. promotes healing b. Occurs in the latent phase of syphilis c. Complicates neural development d. Can be used to diagnose chronic fatigue syndrome

Answer 61

c. Complicates neural development

Question 62

27. The CNS reduces the inflammatory response through all of the following except: a. parasympathetic nervous system b. adrenal gland c. Sympathetic nervous system d. Cytokines

Answer 62

d. Cytokines

Question 63

29. Which of the following statements about pain is True? a. Pain occurs only in the presence of body parts b. Pain cannot occur in the absence of physical damage c. Pain can happen even in the absence of physical injury d. Pain is always followed by physical injury

Answer 63

c. Pain can happen even in the absence of physical injury

Question 64

30. Pain does not exist in our body but is created in our brain and projected onto our body. a. True b. False

Answer 64

a. True

Question 65

31. Pain is an output of our brain and not an input from our body a. True b. False

Answer 65

a. True

Question 66

32. In lieberman’s video Dopamine: driving you brain in the future, he stated that the neurotransmitter that respond to novelty is a. Endorphin b. Serotonin c. Oxytocin d. Dopamine

Answer 66

d. Dopamine

Question 67

34. Which of the following statements about the reward prediction error is true? a. Dopamine levels rise when the actual reward is less than the expected reward b. dopamine levels rise when the actual reward is greater than the expected reward. c. dopamine levels decrease when the actual reward is less than the expected reward d. dopamine levels decrease when the actual reward is greater than the expected reward

Answer 67

b. dopamine levels rise when the actual reward is greater than the expected reward.

Question 68

Match the item with the appropriate neurochemicals. Choices: a.     Endorphin b.     Oxytocin c.     Serotonin d.     Endocannabinoid   Pleasure and Satisfaction

Answer 68

A. Endorphin

Question 69

Match the item with the appropriate neurochemicals. Choices: a.     Endorphin b.     Oxytocin c.     Serotonin d.     Endocannabinoid   Bonding and Warmth

Answer 69

B. Oxytocin

Question 70

Match the item with the appropriate neurochemicals. Choices: a.     Endorphin b.     Oxytocin c.     Serotonin d.     Endocannabinoid Mood and Anxiety

Answer 70

C. Serotonin

Question 71

Match the item with the appropriate neurochemicals. Choices: a.     Endorphin b.     Oxytocin c.     Serotonin d.     Endocannabinoid Happiness and Delight

Answer 71

D. Endocannabinoid

Question 72

Match the item with appropriate type of person. Choices: a)     Resilient person b)     Victim c)     Catastrophizer   ·       Takes ownership of the future ·       Takes ownership of one’s future ·       Does things in the present in order to make his/her future better

Answer 72

A. Resilient person

Question 73

Match the item with appropriate type of person. Choices: a)     Resilient person b)     Victim c)     Catastrophizer   ·       Blames others for his/her pain ·       Believes that others should fix his/her pain ·       Preoccupied with the past ·       Does not feel accountable for one’s pain

Answer 73

B. Victim

Question 74

Match the item with appropriate type of person. Choices: a)     Resilient person b)     Victim c)     Catastrophizer   ·       Paralyzed with worry about doing anything with one’s pain   ·       Obsessed with the future ·       Constantly worried about bad things happening in the future ·       Obsessed about the what ifs of the future

Answer 74

C. Catastrophizer