3/15/18

Question 1

Explain the diff b/t punishment and negative reinforcement

Answer 1

Punishments are unwanted events that decrease the frequency of a behavior
Negative reinforcement are unwanted events that are removed + increase the frequency of a behavior

Question 2

List 3 reasons why psychologists do not believe punishment isn’t the best way to deal with a problem

Answer 2

1. Punishment tends to work only when it is guaranteed
2. It can create anger and hostility
3. It can be seen as a way to solve problems (observational learning)

Question 3

List 3 reasons classical Conditioning is useful to animals/people

Answer 3

1. Avoid or deal with danger
2. Helps adapt to their environment
3. Taste aversion

Question 4

Little Albert/ Bell-and-Pad Method/ explain the concepts

Answer 4

Little Albert= ex of classical conditioning + generalization
Bell-and-Pad Method= training a child not to wet the bed using a ringing bell

Question 5

Explain the diff/sim b/t operant + classical conditioning- give examples

Answer 5

Diff- classical=involuntary behaviors operant= voluntary behaviors/ learned
Sim- both forms of learning

Question 6

Explain the PQ4R Method- list + and explain

Answer 6

• active approach to learning

- 6 step process= 1. Preview 2. Question 3. Read 4. Reflect 5. Recite 6. Review

Question 7

Explain the process of classical conditioning

Answer 7

unconditioned stimulus= meat
unconditioned response= salivation
conditioned stimulus= bell
conditioned response= salivation

Question 8

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 8

Revival of an extinguished response

Question 9

Generalization

Answer 9

Act of responding in the same way to stimuli that seem similar

Question 10

Stimulus

Answer 10

Something that produces a reaction or a response

Question 11

Systematic desensitization

Answer 11

Method that involves relaxation and gradual exposure to feared stimulus

Question 12

Extinction

Answer 12

classical conditioning= conditioned stimulus is no longer followed by an unconditioned stimulus, it will lose its ability to bring about a conditioned response
operant conditioning= repeated performance of the response without reinforcement

Question 13

Primary reinforcers

Answer 13

Reinforcers that function due to the biological makeup of an organism
Ex: food, water, shelter, warmth

Question 14

Secondary Reinforcers

Answer 14

• value must be learned
• ex: money attention, and social approval
• influence based on culture

Question 15

Positive reinforcers

Answer 15

Increase the frequency of a behavior when applied

Ex: food, fun activities, and social approval

Question 16

Negative reinforcers

Answer 16

Increase the frequency of a behavior they follow when they are removed

Question 17

Reinforcers

Answer 17

The stimulus that encourages a behavior to occur again

Question 18

Discrimination

Answer 18

Act of responding diff to stimuli that are not similar

Question 19

Generalization

Answer 19

Act of responding in the same way to stimuli that seem similar

Question 20

Observational learning

Answer 20

We aquire knowledge by observing and intimidating others

Question 21

Classical Conditioning

Answer 21

A simple form of learning in which one stimulus calls forth a response that is usually called forth by another stimulus

Question 22

Operant Conditioning

Answer 22

Learning from the consequences of their actions

Question 23

Continuous reinforcement

Answer 23

The reinforcement of a behavior every time it occurs

Question 24

Latent Learning

Answer 24

Learning that remains hidden until it is needed

Question 25

CR, CS, US, UR and Pavlov

Answer 25

Conditioned Response, Conditioned Stimulus, Unconditioned Stimulus, Unconditioned Response
Ivan Pavlov= established the concept of classical conditioning

Question 26

B.F. Skinner

Answer 26

• Established operant Conditioning
• project pigeon
• skinner boxes

Question 27

E.C. Tolman

Answer 27

• “Cognitive Maps”=mental images
• Latent learning
• rats in a maze

Question 28

Albert Badura

Answer 28

-observational learning

Question 29

Taste Aversion

Answer 29

One form of classical conditioning that can be particularly useful to people/ learned avoidance of a certain food

Question 30

Flooding

Answer 30

Exposing harmless stimulus to a person until they are no longer afraid of it

Question 31

Counterconditioning

Answer 31

Method of overcoming fears by pairing a pleasing stimulus with a feared one

Question 32

PQ4R method is considered to be an ______ approach to _____.

Answer 32

1. Active

2. Learning