3

Question 1

river carries it’s load:

Answer 1

solution
suspension
saltation
traction

Question 2

solution

Answer 2

dissolved chemicals are carried along

Question 3

suspension

Answer 3

tiny sediment particles carried along in current

Question 4

saltation

Answer 4

small stones are picked up and dropped again

Question 5

traction

Answer 5

large stones dragged along

Question 6

river erosion

Answer 6

abrasion
hydraulic action
attrition
solution

Question 7

abrasion

Answer 7

sand and pebbles dragged along wearing it away

Question 8

hydraulic action

Answer 8

water into cracks, breaking it

Question 9

attrition

Answer 9

wearing away as rocks knock together

Question 10

solution

Answer 10

limestone dissolved by acidic rainwater

Question 11

waterfalls formed:

Answer 11

1) bed of soft and hard rock
2) erosion of less resistant rock creating plunge pool
3) overhang collapses
4) waterfall takes new position leaving steep valley or gorge

Question 12

weathering

Answer 12

biological
physical
chemical

Question 13

biological weathering

Answer 13

small cracks allow roots to penetrate and force rocks apart

Question 14

physical weathering

Answer 14

rock fills with rain, freezes, expands by 10% and breaks rock

Question 15

chemical weathering

Answer 15

weak acids dissolve alkaline rocks

Question 16

mass movement

Answer 16

process that cause rock material to move downslope

Question 17

rapid mass misvnt

Answer 17

-landslides and mudflow occur on railway cutting and along cliff coastline

Question 18

slow mass movement

Answer 18

(soil creep)

rain dislodging tiny soil particles each time it rains

Question 19

shape of valley affected by

Answer 19

• rate of weathering
• rate of mass movement
• rate of removal of mass movement

Question 20

upper course

Answer 20

(buckden beck)

• small stream/ tributary
• steep gradient
• small rapids and waterfalls
• rainstorm increases river energy

Question 21

middle course

Answer 21

(river wharfe)

• gradient = gentler
• discharge = increase
• velocity = increase
• shape goes from V to U
• flood plain widens

Question 22

lower course

Answer 22

estuary- river meets sea

river- wide and deep

Question 23

velocity

Answer 23

speed of river

hydroprop

Question 24

discharge

Answer 24

Volume of water flowing in River

area(width x depth) x velocity

Question 25

meanders change in valley

Answer 25

1) rivers bend in middle course and water flows naturally in a corkscrew pattern (helicoidal Flow)
2) -helicoidal flow sends river energy laterally
-Fastest current (thalweg) forced outer bend where it undercuts bank
3) Erosion creates narrow neck between two meanders
Oxbow lake created

Question 26

bradshaw model

Answer 26

summarises the changes to river characteristics from source to mouth

Question 27

increase

from upper to lower source

Answer 27

• river discharge
• channel width
• channel depth
• velocity
• sediment load volume

Question 28

decrease

from upper to lower course

Answer 28

• particle size
• bed roughness
• slope angle

Question 29

storm hydrograph

Answer 29

shows how river reacts to rainfall

Question 30

if lag time is shorter

Answer 30

heavy rain

impermeable surfaces

Question 31

if lag time is longer

Answer 31

less rainfall

rural (permeable surfaces)

Question 32

affect hydrograph shape

Answer 32

• urbanisation

- deforestation

Question 33

antecedent rainfall

Answer 33

rainfall before

saturated soil

Question 34

surface run off

Answer 34

extra rain that soil can’t absorb

Question 35

quickness of surface run off

Answer 35

• antecedent rainfall
• permeable/impermeable
• heaviness of rainfall
• shape of river basin