3. Locomotion Flashcards
1
Q
szkielet
A
skeleton
2
Q
skeleton
A
= a set of 206 fused and individual bones of the body
3
Q
muscle
A
= contractile tissue that produces force and sets the attached bones in motion
4
Q
bone
A
= type of rigid and dense connective tissue that constitutes the endoskeleton of the human body
5
Q
chrząstka
A
cartilage
6
Q
ścięgno
A
tendon
7
Q
cartilage
A
= a flexible connective tissue found in the joints between bones, the ribcage, the ear and the nose, etc, not as hard and rigid as bone but stiffer and less flexible than muscle
8
Q
tendon
A
= a tough band of fibrous connective tissue that usually connects muscle to bone
9
Q
więzadło
A
ligament
10
Q
ligament
A
= a string of fibrous tissue that connects bones to other bones
11
Q
bones
A
= structures that support and protect the various organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells minerals and come in various shapes and structures
12
Q
joint
A
= the location at where two or more bones make contact, articulate, that allows movement and provides support; this might be either movable or immovable
13
Q
connective tissue
A
=tkanka łączna
= a group of tissue in the body that maintains the form of the body and its organs and provides organization and internal support
14
Q
stanowić
A
constitute
15
Q
fascia
A
= powięź
= a connective tissue that surrounds muscles, groups of muscles, blood vessels, and nerves, binding those structures together
16
Q
sztywny
A
rigid
17
Q
gęsty, zbity
A
dense
18
Q
kurczliwy
A
contractile
19
Q
szew
A
suture
20
Q
suture
A
= an immovable joint found in the skull
21
Q
articulation
A
= a movable joint
22
Q
axial skeleton
A
= szkielet osiowy = a structure that consists of 80 bones along the central axis of the human body; it is composed of the human skull, the rib cage, sternum and the vertebral column
23
Q
appendicular skeleton
A
= szkielet kończyn
= a structure that is composed of 126 bones, which is joined to yet another type of skeleton; functionally it is involved in locomotion and manipulation of objects in the enviroment
24
Q
szpik
A
marrow
25
marrow
= soft, flexible tissue found in the interior of bones that produces new blood cells
26
obręcz
girdle
27
girdle
= an encircling or ring-like structure that attaches either the upper (pectoral) or the lower (pelvic) limbs to the axial skeleton
28
ribcage
= a bony and cartilaginous structure which surrounds the thoracic cavity and supports pectoral girdle, forming a core portion of the human skeleton
29
floating ribs
= wolne żebra
| = four atypical ribs that are attached to the vertebrae only, and not to the sternum
30
compact bone
the cells of this type of bone appear to be tightly packed together into solid mass and are found on the outside of bones
they make up the hard outer layer that gives bones their smooth white appearance
31
kość zbita
compact bone
32
kość gąbczasta
spongy bone
33
spongy bone
= the type of bone that has large open spaces and fills the interior of bones
34
superior
a part is above another part, or closer to the head
35
inferior
a part is below another part, or closer to the feet
36
anterior, ventral
a part is towards the front (surface) of the body
37
posterior, dorsal
a part is towards the back
38
front or towards the front of the body
anferior, ventral
39
back or towards the back of the body
posterior, dorsal
40
proximal
a part is closer to the point of attachment, or closer to the thrunk of the body than another part
41
distal
a part is further away from the point of attachment than another part
42
medial
a part is towards, or nearer the midline of the body
43
lateral
a part is towards, or nearer the side, away from the midline of the body
44
superficial, external
a part is located on the nearer the surface
45
deep, internal
a part is away from the surface
46
outer
external
47
inner
internal
48
visceral
= trzewny
| refers to internal organs of the covering the organs
49
trzewny
visceral
50
parietal
refers to the wall of a body cavity
51
prone
lying on the stomach, face down
52
supine
lying on the back, face up
53
komora oka
chamber of the eye
54
rogówka
cornea
55
mm. dwugłowy ramienia
biceps brachii
| bends arms at the elbows
56
mm. prosty uda
rectus femoris
57
mm. żwacz
masseter
| is important to chew
58
przepona
diaphragm
| is essential for breathing
59
mm. okrężny oka
orbicularis oculi
| blink eyes
60
mm. ramienny
musculus brachialis
61
mm. trójgłowy ramienia
triceps brachii
| extends the forearm
62
mm. mostkowo-obojczykowo-sutkowy
sternocleidomastoid muscle
| raise your head
63
mm. piersiowy większy/mniejszy
pectoralis major/minor muscle
| is important when you pull or throw
64
mm. międzyżebrowy
intercostal muscle
| assists in beathing
65
mm. skośny zewnętrzny
external oblique
66
mm. skroniowy
temporalis
| helps you to close your mouth
67
mm. czołowy
frontalis
| raise eyebrows
68
mm. okrężny ust
orbicularis oris
| close lips/ talk, whistle
69
mm. naramienny
deltoid
| moves arms away from the body
70
mm. najszerszy grzbietu
latissimus dorsi muscle
| extens arms and is important in playing tennis or swimming
71
mm. pośladkowy wielki
gluteus maximus
| extends the thigh and is important in running and climbing
72
mm. czworogłowy uda
quadriceps femoris muscle
| extends the knee and helps to get up from a chair
73
mm. dwugłowy uda
biceps femoris muscle
| flexing the knee and extending the thigh
74
mm. piszczelowy przedni
tibialis anterior muscle
75
mm. brzuchaty łydki
gastrocnemius = calf muscle
| is important in walking, running and standing on tiptoe
76
ścięgno Achillesa, piętowe
calcaneal tendon
| if injured makes it very painful or even impossible to walk
77
mm. prosty brzucha
rectus abdominis muscle
78
mm. krawiecki
sartorius
79
encompass
=obejmować, zawierać
| include, cover
80
functions of the musculoskeletal system
```
provides body movement
protects the internal organs
gives the body form and structure
respiration
production of body heat
maintenance of posture
communication
heartbeat
```
81
functions of bones
support, protection, movement, blood cell manufacture, mineral storage
82
functions of cartilage
cushion = amortyzacja
friction reduction = spadek tarcia
attachment at joints
83
core
= rdzeń
| main part, centre, basis
84
outward
external, superficial
85
alignment
position, arrangement
86
lever
handle
lift
= dźwignia, drążek
87
armour
shield, protective covering
88
encase
surround, enclose
| =przykryć/ zakryć/ pokryć
89
cushion
protect, shield
| = amortyzować
90
deflect
= odpierać, odwracać
turn aside
deny
91
bellows
lungs
92
arise from
come from, stem from
| = wynikać z
93
sinewy
strong, lean
| - muskularny
94
examples of flat bones
shoulder blade = scapula
| pelvis = hip bones
95
jelito kręte
ileum
96
kielich, kielichy
calyx - calyces
97
paliczek - paliczki
phalanx - phalanges
98
zwój, zwoje
ganglion - ganglia
99
surowica
serum
100
rzepka
patella
| = kneecap
101
zadrapanie
scratch
102
bieżnia
treadmill
103
naciągnąć mięsień
strain (pull) a muscle
104
kuleć
limp
105
zwichnięty bark, ramię
dislocated shoulder
106
odrętwiały
numb
107
potknąć się
trip
108
krwotok z nosa
nosebleed
109
czuć mrowienie
have pins and needles
110
skręcona kostka
twisted ankle = sprained ankle
111
zaczerwieniony
reddened
112
myśleć, sądzić, przypuszczać
I reckon/ I think/ I suppose it may be
113
wybity palec
jammed (stubbed) finger
114
obita kość ogonowa
bruised tailbone
115
wstrząśnienie mózgu
concussion
116
stłuczenie
contusion
117
pain
unpleasant physical sensation, a feeling of physical suffering resulting from an injury or a disease
be in pain
118
ache
continous pain that is unpleasant but not very strong,
| headache, backache, toothache
119
to ache
to be painful, to hurt
120
discomfort
very mild pain, a feeling of being physically uncomfortable
121
sore (adj)
= bolesny, tkliwy
painful and uncomfortable because of an indury or infection or in case of muscles too much use
ex. sore throat
122
sore (n)
a painful area on the surface of the body
123
bolesny - niebolesny
painful - painless
124
ból
ache
pain
soreness
125
adjectives to describe severity of pain
```
mild
moderate
bad
intense
bearable/ unbearable
severe
dreadful - potworny, okropny
excruciating - nieznośny, rozdzierający
agonising
```
126
rozdzierający ból
excruciating pain
127
adjectives to describe frequency of pain
```
frequent
recurrent
chronic
constant
continous
incessant - stały
intermittent = comes and goes
persistent
```
128
adjectives to describe character of pain
```
acute
dull
pulsating
burning - peptic ulcers
gnawing
scalding - shingles
gripping - heart angina
sharp
shooting - herniated disc
cramping - labour contractions
stabbing - "knife-like"
crushing
throbbing
drilling
piercing
tingling
```
129
tępy ból
dull pain
130
gryzący ból
gnawing pain
131
piekący ból
scalding pain
132
pulsujący ból
throbbing/ pulsating pain
133
wiercący ból
drilling pain
134
mrowienie
tingling
135
przenikliwy ból
piercing pain
136
rwa kulszowa
sciatica, sciatic pain
137
przepuklina krążka międzykręgowego, "wypadnięty dysk"
herniated disc
138
półpasiec
shingles
139
uśmierzać ból
relieve/alleviate/reduca pain
140
mieszać, ingerować
interfere
141
zapalenie osierdzia
percarditis
142
pogarszać, zaostrzać
exacerbate
143
upośledzenie wątroby
liver impairment
144
bolesne miesiączkowanie
dysmenorrhea
145
uzależniający
habit-forming, addictive
146
gęsty/
dense
147
stanowić/budować szkielet
constitute the endoskeleton
148
rozciągliwy
flexible
149
włóknisty
fibrous
150
struna/pasmo
string
151
łączyć struktury
bind structures together
152
chrzęstny
cartilaginous
153
jama płucna
thoracic cavity
154
kluczowa część
core portion
155
obręcz barkowa
pectoral girdle
156
okrążający
encircling
157
pierścieniowaty
ring-like
158
skóra właściwa
dermis/ true skin
159
ciecz wodnista
aqueous humour
160
stać na palcach
stand on tiptoe
161
prostować
extend
162
ścięgno udowe
hamstring
163
mocno/trwale
firmly
164
ratować od potknięcia/upadku
prevent from tripping
165
baza/ podłoże
foundation
166
kotwiczący
anchoring
167
pęcherzyk płucny
alveolus - alveoli
168
mięsak
sarcoma - sarcomata
169
otwór
foramen - foramina
170
stomia
stoma - stomata
171
krtań
larynx - larynges
172
komórka jajowa
ovum - ova
173
światło
lumen - lumina
174
zjawisko
phenomenon - phenomena
175
jądro
testis - testes
176
opona mózgowa
meninx - meninges
177
gruczolak
adenoma - adenomata
178
rzepka
patella - patellae
179
wesołe miasteczko
funfair
180
zderzenie czołowe
head-on collision
181
lunatyk
night-walker
182
walnąć o
bang against
183
drążek kierownicy
steering column
184
wyślizgnąć się
slip out of
185
przechodzić
go over
186
spuchnięty
swollen
187
uraz kręgosłupa szyjnego spowodowany szarpnięciem
whiplash
188
potknąć się o
stumble on
189
siniak
bruise
190
guz
bump
191
szwy
stitches
192
ból podczas siedzenia
pain upon sitting
193
budowlaniec
builder
194
biegunka
diarrhoea
195
głębokie rozcięcie
deep cut
196
obojczyk
collarbone
197
być obolałym
to ache all over
198
osiadać/ znikać
subside
199
ustępować/ przestać działać
wear off
200
wiązka laserowa
laser beam
201
znośny =/= nieznośny
bearable =/= unbearable
202
rozsadzający ból głowy
splitting headache
203
w agonii
agonising
204
rozpaczliwy/potworny
excruciating
205
straszny
dreadful
206
ostry
acute
intense
severe
sharp
207
umiarkowany
moderate
208
palący ból
burning pain
209
nawracający
recurrent
210
przewlekły
chronic
211
stały
constant
| continuous
212
gryzący ból
gnawing pain
213
chwytający ból
gripping pain
214
nieprzerwany
incessant
215
nagły/ strzelający
shooting pain
216
skurczowy ból
cramping pain
217
przerywany/ okresowy
intermittent
218
dźgający
stabbing
219
miażdżący
crushing
220
natarczywy
persistent
221
mrowienie
tingling
222
wrzód trawienny
peptic ulcer
223
skurcze
contractions
224
niepokojący
disstressing
225
zespół cieśni nadgarstka
carpal tunnel syndrome
226
zdrętwienie
numbness
227
wyściółka
lining
228
przepisany lek
prescribed drug
229
paliatywny
palliative
230
przeciwwskazany
contraindicated
231
pasować
suit
232
zakrzepowy
clotting
233
pozajelitowo
parenterally
234
rekreacyjny
recreational
235
przeciwgorączkowy
antipyretic
236
reduktor
reducer
237
przeciwkaszlowy
antitussive
238
leki przeciwbólowe
analgesics
239
obwodowy
peripheral
240
opioid
opiate
241
właściwości przeciwbiegunkowe
antidiarrheal properties
242
choroba wieńcowa
coronary artery disease
243
zawał serca
myocardial infraction
244
zatem
thus
245
salicylany
salicylates
246
NLPZ
NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)
247
zakrzepica
thrombosis
