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Endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine glands

A

are ductless
secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream
products are released into the interstitial space around the cells, from where they diffuse into the capillaries and reach the target organ

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2
Q

Examples of endocrine glands

A 
pituitary gland
ovaries
testes
thyroid gland
adrenal glands
pineal body
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3
Q

Both endocrine and exocrine glands are

A

stomach

pancreas

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4
Q

Exocrine glands

A

have a duct
secrete/excrete products (metabolites, enzymes and other substances)
products are secreted to the duct, through which they flow to exterior surface

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5
Q

Examples of exocrine glands

A 
sweat glands
salivary glands
mammary glands
liver
prostate gland
duodenum
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6
Q

Hypothalamus

A

the main neural control center of the endocrine system = “masterswitchboard”
GNRH (gonadotrophin-releasing hormone)
TRH (thyroid-releasing hormone)

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7
Q

Pituitary gland

A

pea-sized
“master gland”
controls the function of most other glands and secrete hormones
produces and releases 7 hormones in response to commands from the hypothalamus

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8
Q

TSH

A

stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones

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9
Q

Growth hormone

A

act upon certain body tissues, do not affect specific organ
stimulates protein synthesis and cell division in cartilage and bone tissue
regulates the bone and muscle growth and physical development
is important in children to excite growth

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10
Q

Prolactin

A

act upon certain body tissues, do not affect specific organ
travels to the breast tissue glands of nursing mothers
facilitates milk production

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11
Q

THYROID GLAND

A

located in the neck/ is found in the lower part of the neck below the larynx
produces 3 hormones – T3, T4, calcitonin

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12
Q

T3, T4 – collectively called the THYROID HORMONE

A

produced in the follicles of the thyroid gland
affects body growth, metabolic rate, development of bones and skeletal muscle
thyroid hormones affect many vital functions such as heart rate
thyroxine accelerates the release of energy in the tissues

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13
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

too little thyroid hormone = decreased production of the thyroid hormone
reduced metabolism
one of the common causes is Hashimoto’s disease
hypothyroidism can result from treatment of hyperactive thyroid
changes in the structure of the thyroid gland
can be treated with thyroid hormone pills

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14
Q

Symptoms of hyperthyroidism

A 
Feeling tired
Feeling nervous, stressed
Feeling warm
Shortness of breath during exercise
Loss of strength
Menstrual problems
Weight loss
Increased heart rate = rapid heartbeat
Diarrhoea
Psychological complaints – fear, irritability
in some cases the thyroid gland might be enlarged
the symptoms don’t occur at the same time
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15
Q

Goitre

A

enlarged thyroid gland
diffuse/localized
multiple nodules or generalized swelling of the thyroid gland = thyroid enlargement
is one of the most common thyroid problems
it has several causes such as infection
iodine deficiency
benign or malignant disease
malignant disease is extremely rare
Before treating goitre the underlying cause must be determined
can be treated with surgery or with radioactive iodine

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16
Q

Treatment of hyperthyroidism

A

treatment depending on the cause
can be treated with medication to reduce the production of thyroid hormone
another option is treatment with
radioactive iodine to stop the function of thyroid cells
surgery can also treat it

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17
Q

GRAVES’ DISEASE

A

it is an autoimmune disease where your body produces antibodies to stimulate the thyroid gland which produces excessive thyroid hormone more than the requirement for normal functioning of the body
It may also cause eye problems

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18
Q

Symptoms of hypothyroidism

A 
Feeling tired
Feeling cold
Heart problems
Increased in weight
Depressed feelings
Hair loss
Hoarse and deeper voice
Bowel problems
in some cases the thyroid gland might be enlarged
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19
Q

HASHIMOTO’S DISEASE

A

there is an immune response of the body against the thyroid gland which causes decreased function of the thyroid

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20
Q

Symptoms of goiter

A

Visible swelling in the neck
Problems with swallowing or breathing

thrill – palpable vibration felt with the hand causes by increased blood flow in diffuse enlargement, for example in Graves’ disease

bruit – audible noise heard through stethoscope over the gland

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21
Q

PARATHYROID GLANDS

A 
are embedded in the back of the thyroid gland
secrete PTH (parathormone)
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22
Q

PTH (parathormone)

A

increases blood calcium - stimulates bone calcium release into the bloodstream, increases the calcium absorption rate in the gastrointestinal tract and kidneys
maintains plasma calcium levels within normal limits

23
Q

ADRENALS

A

sit/located on the top of each kidney
are located in retroperineum
they derive some of their blood supply from the renal artery
secrete glucocorticoids, small amounts of androgens and estrogens (responsible for some secondary sex characteristics), mineralocorticoids, adrenalin, noradrenalin
adrenal hormones control heart rate, blood pressure, maintain fluid and mineral balance, the response to stress or infection

24
Q

Aldosterone

A

is most important regulator of sodium and potassium

25
CORTISOL
too much glucocorticoids causes hump and stretchmarks
26
EPINEPHRINE (ADRENALIN) AND NOREPINEPHRINE (NORADRENALIN)
raise the blood levels of sugar and fatty acids increase the heart rate and it’s force of contraction prepares the body for “Fight or Flight” response – enable to think quicker, fight harder, run faster
27
OVARIES
are the side of estrogen and progesterone synthesis
28
ESTROGEN
is necessary/required to form the ovum during oogenesis | prepares the uterus for implantation of a fertilized egg
29
PROGESTERONE
prepares the breast for lactation during pregnancy | works with estrogen to regulate the menstrual cycle
30
TESTES
secrete testoteron
31
TESTOSTERON
is required for sperm formation during spermatogenesis is responsible for the development of male external genitalia and secondary sexual traits such as beard growth, chest hair, enlarged thyroid cartilage
32
PALPITATIONS
awareness of rapid or irregular heartbeat
33
FINE TREMOR
very slight involuntary movements
34
HEAT INTOLERANCE
inability to cope with high temperatures
35
INSULIN
is released from pancreas in response to rising blood glucose level allows to get energy from the food allows the glucose to get into the cells where it can be used for energy, it’s “key” unlocking the door to the cells decreases blood glucose level
36
DM TYPE 1
the body isn’t making insulin at all autoimmune response against the insulin producing cells in the pancreas, due to for example viral pancreatitis 10% of cases, more severe form often found under 40s most common type found in childhood usually starts in childhood or adolescence (w okresie dojrzewania) glucose can’t get into cells because of the lack of insulin lowering the level of glucose through kidneys treated with/the management of type I diabetes includes subcutaneous self-injections of insulin to avoid coma daily dose is 1 unit per 1 kg body weight
37
DM TYPE 1 SYMPTOMS
``` Frequent urination = poliuria Persistent thirst = polydipsia Thrush or genital itching Slow wound healing Blurred vision (accumulation of glucose in lens) Tiredness, feeling lethargic Weight loss (breaking down fats tools) Symptoms come quickly = rapid onset ```
38
DM TYPE 2
Either the body isn't producing quite enough insulin (insufficient amount of insulin for the needs of the body) or the insulin it is producing isn't working properly. overweight (80%) or healthy weight almost 90% of cases most common in the over 40 age group in the white population and in the over 25 age group in the South Asian population. glucose can't always get into the cells because the locks to the cell doors have become furred up with fat deposits. - That means that the insulin can't open the cell doors properly. In response to this, the pancreas produces even more insulin so the blood glucose levels continue to rise and the insulin levels continue to rise This situation is further complicated by the cells which are desperate for energy - sending out emergency signals to the liver to release stored glucose the pancreas can wear out
39
DM TYPE 2 SYMPTOMS
Frequent urination Thirst Thrush or genital itching Slow wound healing Blurred vision (accumulation of glucose in the lens) Tiredness, feeling lethargic Weight loss (breaking down fats tools) in some people Symptoms come very slowly or some people don’t have symptoms at all = gradual onset
40
DM TYPE 2 TREATMENT
Initially it may be sufficient to make changes to the food you're eating and to take extra physical activity or lose any weight that may be appropriate. Type 2 diabetes is a progressive condition and most people will need some form of medication to treat it treated with special diet, weight reduction, oral hypoglycaemic drugs
41
Metabolism
is the process by which foods are transformed into basic elements which can be utilized by the body for energy or growth
42
Acromegaly
a disease caused by excessive function of pituitary gland
43
Myxoedema
=obrzęk śluzowaty | metabolic disorder due to insufficient function of the thyroid gland
44
Hyperparathyroidism
excessive secretion of the parathyroid gland
45
ACTH
adrenocorticotropic hormone
46
FSH
follicle stimulationg hormone
47
LH
luteinising hormone
48
LTH
luteotropic hormone
49
STH
somatotropin
50
MSH
melanocyte stimulating hormone
51
ADH
antidiuretic hormone
52
ATP
adenosine triphosphate
53
BMR
basal metabolic rate

Angielski (14 decks)

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